从浏览器中读取当前页面的标题:
String title = driver.getTitle();title = driver.title String title = driver.Title; current_title = driver.title let title = await driver.getTitle();driver.title您可以从浏览器的地址栏读取当前的 URL，使用:
String url = driver.getCurrentUrl();url = driver.current_url String url = driver.Url; current_url = driver.current_url let currentUrl = await driver.getCurrentUrl();driver.currentUrl启动浏览器后你要做的第一件事就是打开你的网站。这可以通过一行代码实现:
//Convenient
driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
//Longer way
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/index.html") //Convenient
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev";
//Longer
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev"); driver.navigate.to 'https://www.selenium.dev/'
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/'
expect(driver.current_url).to eq 'https://www.selenium.dev/' //Convenient
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev');
//Longer way
await driver.navigate().to("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/index.html");// 简便的方法
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
// 更长的方法
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev")按下浏览器的后退按钮:
//Back
driver.navigate().back();driver.back() //Back
driver.Navigate().Back(); driver.navigate.back //Back
await driver.navigate().back();driver.navigate().back() 按下浏览器的前进键:
//Forward
driver.navigate().forward();driver.forward() //Forward
driver.Navigate().Forward(); driver.navigate.forward //Forward
await driver.navigate().forward();driver.navigate().forward()刷新当前页面:
//Refresh
driver.navigate().refresh();driver.refresh() //Refresh
driver.Navigate().Refresh(); driver.navigate.refresh //Refresh
await driver.navigate().refresh();driver.navigate().refresh()WebDriver提供了一个API, 用于处理JavaScript提供的三种类型的原生弹窗消息. 这些弹窗由浏览器提供限定的样式.
其中最基本的称为警告框, 它显示一条自定义消息, 以及一个用于关闭该警告的按钮, 在大多数浏览器中标记为"确定"(OK). 在大多数浏览器中, 也可以通过按"关闭"(close)按钮将其关闭, 但这始终与“确定”按钮具有相同的作用. 查看样例警告框.
WebDriver可以从弹窗获取文本并接受或关闭这些警告.
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
String text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text, "Sample Alert");
//Press the OK button
alert.accept(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert")
element.click()
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
text = alert.text
alert.accept()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert text in a variable
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Get the text of the alert
alert.text
# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
let alertText = await alert.getText();
await alert.accept();//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert text in a variable
val text = alert.getText()
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
确认框类似于警告框, 不同之处在于用户还可以选择取消消息. 查看样例确认框.
此示例还呈现了警告的另一种实现:
alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text, "Are you sure?");
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm")
driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
text = alert.text
alert.dismiss()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert in a variable
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the Cancel button
alert.Dismiss();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Get the text of the alert
alert.text
# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
let alertText = await alert.getText();
await alert.dismiss();//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert in a variable
val alert = driver.switchTo().alert()
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
val text = alert.text
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
提示框与确认框相似, 不同之处在于它们还包括文本输入. 与处理表单元素类似, 您可以使用WebDriver的sendKeys来填写响应. 这将完全替换占位符文本. 按下取消按钮将不会提交任何文本. 查看样例提示框.
alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text, "What is your name?");
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.accept(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt")
driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
alert.send_keys("Selenium")
text = alert.text
alert.accept()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Type your message
alert.SendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Type a message
alert.send_keys('selenium')
# Press on Ok button
alert.accept let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Type your message
await alert.sendKeys(text);
await alert.accept();//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
Cookie是从网站发送并存储在您的计算机中的一小段数据. Cookies主要用于识别用户并加载存储的信息.
WebDriver API提供了一种使用内置的方法与Cookie进行交互:
这个方法常常用于将cookie添加到当前访问的上下文中. 添加Cookie仅接受一组已定义的可序列化JSON对象. 这里 是一个链接, 用于描述可接受的JSON键值的列表
首先, 您需要位于有效Cookie的域上. 如果您在开始与网站进行交互之前尝试预设cookie, 并且您的首页很大或需要一段时间才能加载完毕, 则可以选择在网站上找到一个较小的页面 (通常404页很小, 例如 http://example.com/some404page)
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
// Add cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("key", "value")); driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "key", "value": "value"}) driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
// Add cookie into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "key", value: "value")
ensure
driver.quit
end
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key", "value"))
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此方法返回与cookie名称匹配的序列化cookie数据中所有关联的cookie.
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
// Add cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookie cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo"); driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
print(driver.get_cookie("foo")) driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
// Add cookie into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookie cookie = driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar")
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'foo', value: 'bar' });
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
await driver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie) {import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo", "bar"))
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
val cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")
println(cookie)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此方法会针对当前访问上下文返回“成功的序列化cookie数据”. 如果浏览器不再可用, 则返回错误.
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
// Add cookies into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get cookies
Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
if (cookie.getName().equals("test1")) {
Assertions.assertEquals(cookie.getValue(), "cookie1");
}
if (cookie.getName().equals("test2")) {
Assertions.assertEquals(cookie.getValue(), "cookie2");
}
} driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Get all available cookies
print(driver.get_cookies()) driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
// Add cookies into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get cookies
var cookies = driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;
foreach (var cookie in cookies){
if (cookie.Name.Equals("test1")){
Assert.AreEqual("cookie1", cookie.Value);
}
if (cookie.Name.Equals("test2")){
Assert.AreEqual("cookie2", cookie.Value);
}
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# Get all available cookies
puts driver.manage.all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
// Get all Available cookies
await driver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies) {import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// Get All available cookies
val cookies = driver.manage().cookies
println(cookies)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此方法删除与提供的cookie名称匹配的cookie数据.
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
// delete cookie named
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1"); driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Delete cookie with name 'test1'
driver.delete_cookie("test1") driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
// delete cookie named
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
val cookie1 = Cookie("test2", "cookie2")
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")
// delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此方法删除当前访问上下文的所有cookie.
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
// Add cookies into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Delete All cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies(); driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Delete all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies() driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
// Add cookies into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Delete All cookies
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# deletes all cookies
driver.manage.delete_all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
此属性允许用户引导浏览器控制cookie, 是否与第三方站点发起的请求一起发送. 引入其是为了防止CSRF（跨站请求伪造）攻击.
Same-Site cookie属性接受以下两种参数作为指令
当sameSite属性设置为 Strict, cookie不会与来自第三方网站的请求一起发送.
当您将cookie sameSite属性设置为 Lax, cookie将与第三方网站发起的GET请求一起发送.
注意: 到目前为止, 此功能已在Chrome(80+版本), Firefox(79+版本)中提供, 并适用于Selenium 4以及更高版本.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class cookieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
Cookie cookie = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build();
Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build();
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
System.out.println(cookie.getSameSite());
System.out.println(cookie1.getSameSite());
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "value", "sameSite": "Strict"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo1", "value": "value", "sameSite": "Lax"})
cookie1 = driver.get_cookie("foo")
cookie2 = driver.get_cookie("foo1")
print(cookie1)
print(cookie2)using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace SameSiteCookie {
class SameSiteCookie {
static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
var cookie1Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test1" }, { "value", "cookie1" }, { "sameSite", "Strict" } };
var cookie1 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie1Dictionary);
var cookie2Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test2" }, { "value", "cookie2" }, { "sameSite", "Lax" } };
var cookie2 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie2Dictionary);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie1);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie2);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie1.SameSite);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie2.SameSite);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar", same_site: "Strict")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo1", value: "bar", same_site: "Lax")
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
// set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
val cookie = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build()
val cookie1 = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build()
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie)
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
println(cookie.getSameSite())
println(cookie1.getSameSite())
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
框架是一种现在已被弃用的方法，用于从同一域中的多个文档构建站点布局。除非你使用的是 HTML5 之前的 webapp，否则你不太可能与他们合作。内嵌框架允许插入来自完全不同领域的文档，并且仍然经常使用。
如果您需要使用框架或 iframe, WebDriver 允许您以相同的方式使用它们。考虑 iframe 中的一个按钮。 如果我们使用浏览器开发工具检查元素，我们可能会看到以下内容:
<div id="modal">
<iframe id="buttonframe"name="myframe"src="https://seleniumhq.github.io">
<button>Click here</button>
</iframe>
</div>
如果不是 iframe，我们可能会使用如下方式点击按钮:
// 这不会工作
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click(); # 这不会工作
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()// 这不会工作
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click(); # 这不会工作
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click// 这不会工作
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();// 这不会工作
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()但是，如果 iframe 之外没有按钮，那么您可能会得到一个 no such element 无此元素 的错误。 这是因为 Selenium 只知道顶层文档中的元素。为了与按钮进行交互，我们需要首先切换到框架， 这与切换窗口的方式类似。WebDriver 提供了三种切换到帧的方法。
使用 WebElement 进行切换是最灵活的选择。您可以使用首选的选择器找到框架并切换到它。
//switch To IFrame using Web Element
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.id("iframe1"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
assertEquals(true, driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
//Now we can type text into email field
WebElement emailE= driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
emailE.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
emailE.clear(); # 存储网页元素
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")
# 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click() //switch To IFrame using Web Element
IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.Id("iframe1"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
Assert.AreEqual(true, driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));
//Now we can type text into email field
IWebElement emailE = driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));
emailE.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
emailE.Clear(); # Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(:css,'#modal> iframe')
# 切换到 frame
driver.switch_to.frame iframe
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click// 存储网页元素
const iframe = driver.findElement(By.css('#modal> iframe'));
// 切换到 frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
// 现在可以点击按钮
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();// 存储网页元素
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))
// 切换到 frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()如果您的 frame 或 iframe 具有 id 或 name 属性，则可以使用该属性。如果名称或 id 在页面上不是唯一的， 那么将切换到找到的第一个。
//switch To IFrame using name or id
driver.findElement(By.name("iframe1-name"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
assertEquals(true, driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
WebElement email=driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
//Now we can type text into email field
email.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
email.clear(); # 通过 id 切换框架
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click() //switch To IFrame using name or id
driver.FindElement(By.Name("iframe1-name"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
Assert.AreEqual(true, driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));
IWebElement email = driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));
//Now we can type text into email field
email.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
email.Clear(); # Switch by ID
driver.switch_to.frame 'buttonframe'
# 单击按钮
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click// 使用 ID
await driver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');
// 或者使用 name 代替
await driver.switchTo().frame('myframe');
// 现在可以点击按钮
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();// 使用 ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")
// 或者使用 name 代替
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")
// 现在可以点击按钮
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()还可以使用frame的索引， 例如可以使用JavaScript中的 window.frames 进行查询.
//switch To IFrame using index
driver.switchTo().frame(0); # 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switch_to.frame(1) //switch To IFrame using index
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(0); # 基于索引切换到第 2 个 iframe
iframe = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'iframe')[1]
# 切换到选择的 iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)// 切换到第 2 个框架
await driver.switchTo().frame(1);// 切换到第 2 个框架
driver.switchTo().frame(1)离开 iframe 或 frameset，切换回默认内容，如下所示:
//leave frame
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); # 切回到默认内容
driver.switch_to.default_content() //leave frame
driver.SwitchTo().DefaultContent(); # 回到顶层
driver.switch_to.default_content// 回到顶层
await driver.switchTo().defaultContent();// 回到顶层
driver.switchTo().defaultContent()无论是共享信息还是维护档案，打印网页都是一项常见任务。 Selenium 通过其 PrintOptions、PrintsPage 和 browsingContext 类简化了这一过程，这些类为网页自动打印提供了灵活直观的接口。 这些类使得用户可以配置打印首选项，如页面布局、页边距和缩放比例，以确保输出满足特定要求。
通过 getOrientation() 和 setOrientation() 方法，可以获取/设置页面方向（PORTRAIT 或 LANDSCAPE）。
public void TestOrientation()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setOrientation(PrintOptions.Orientation.LANDSCAPE);
PrintOptions.Orientation current_orientation = printOptions.getOrientation();
} public void TestOrientation()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.Orientation = PrintOrientation.Landscape;
PrintOrientation currentOrientation = printOptions.Orientation;
}def test_orientation(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.orientation = "landscape" ## landscape or portrait
assert print_options.orientation == "landscape"通过 getPageRanges() 和 setPageRanges() 方法，可以获取设置要打印页面的范围（如 “2-4”）。
public void TestRange()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
String[] current_range = printOptions.getPageRanges();
} public void TestRange()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.AddPageRangeToPrint("1-3"); // add range of pages
printOptions.AddPageToPrint(5); // add individual page
} def test_range(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ["1, 2, 3"] ## ["1", "2", "3"] or ["1-3"]
assert print_options.page_ranges == ["1, 2, 3"]通过 getPaperSize() 和 setPaperSize() 方法，可以获取/设置要打印页面的纸张尺寸（如"A0"、“A6”、“Legal”、“Tabloid” 等）。
public void TestSize()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setScale(.50);
double current_scale = printOptions.getScale();
} public void TestSize()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PrintOptions.PageSize currentDimensions = printOptions.PageDimensions;
}def test_size(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.scale = 0.5 ## 0.1 to 2.0``
assert print_options.scale == 0.5通过 getPageMargin() 和 setPageMargin() 方法，可以获取/设置要打印页面的边距大小（也就是上、下、左右边距）。
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PageMargin margins = new PageMargin(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
printOptions.setPageMargin(margins);
double topMargin = margins.getTop();
double bottomMargin = margins.getBottom();
double leftMargin = margins.getLeft();
double rightMargin = margins.getRight();
} public void TestMargins()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PrintOptions.Margins currentMargins = printOptions.PageMargins;
}def test_margin(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.margin_top = 10
print_options.margin_bottom = 10
print_options.margin_left = 10
print_options.margin_right = 10
assert print_options.margin_top == 10
assert print_options.margin_bottom == 10
assert print_options.margin_left == 10
assert print_options.margin_right == 10通过 getScale() 和 setScale() 方法，可以获取/设置要打印页面的缩放尺寸（如 1.0 为 100% 或默认缩放，0.25 为 25% 等）。
public void TestScale()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setScale(.50);
double current_scale = printOptions.getScale();
} public void TestScale()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.ScaleFactor = 0.5;
double currentScale = printOptions.ScaleFactor;
}def test_scale(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.scale = 0.5 ## 0.1 to 2.0
current_scale = print_options.scale
assert current_scale == 0.5通过 getBackground() 和 setBackground() 方法，可以获取/设置背景色和图片出现，其为布尔值 true 或 false。
public void TestBackground()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setBackground(true);
boolean current_background = printOptions.getBackground();
} public void TestBackgrounds()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.OutputBackgroundImages = true;
bool currentBackgrounds = printOptions.OutputBackgroundImages;
}def test_background(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.background = True ## True or False
assert print_options.background is True通过 getShrinkToFit() 和 setShrinkToFit() 方法，可以获取/设置页面是否会根据页面内容缩小，其为布尔值 true 或 false。
public void TestShrinkToFit()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setShrinkToFit(true);
boolean current_shrink_to_fit = printOptions.getShrinkToFit();
} public void TestShrinkToFit()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.ShrinkToFit = true;
bool currentShrinkToFit = printOptions.ShrinkToFit;
}def test_shrink_to_fit(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.shrink_to_fit = True ## True or False
assert print_options.shrink_to_fit is True配置好打印选项后，就可以打印页面了。为此，您可以调用打印功能，生成网页的 PDF 表示形式。
生成的 PDF 文件可以保存到本地存储器中，以便进一步使用或分发。
使用 PrintsPage() 时，打印命令将以 base64 编码格式返回 PDF
数据，该格式可以解码并写入所需位置的文件，而使用 BrowsingContext() 时将返回字符串。
目前可能有多种实现方式，这取决于您所选择的语言。例如，Java 可以使用 BrowingContext()
或 PrintsPage() 进行打印。两者都将 PrintOptions() 对象作为一个参数。
注意：BrowsingContext() 是 Selenium BiDi 实现的一部分。为启用 BiDi，请参见启用 Bidi
PrintsPage()
public void PrintWithPrintsPageTest()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintsPage printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
Pdf printedPage = printer.print(printOptions);
Assertions.assertNotNull(printedPage);
}BrowsingContext()
public void PrintWithBrowsingContextTest()
{
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
String printPage = browsingContext.print(printOptions);
Assertions.assertTrue(printPage.length() > 0);
} public void PrintWithPrintsPageTest()
{
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PrintDocument printedPage = driver.Print(printOptions);
Assert.IsTrue(printedPage.AsBase64EncodedString.StartsWith("JVBER"));
}print_page()
def test_prints_page(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
pdf = driver.print_page(print_options)
assert len(pdf) > 0WebDriver 没有区分窗口和标签页。如果你的站点打开了一个新标签页或窗口，Selenium 将允许您使用窗口句柄来处理它。 每个窗口都有一个唯一的标识符，该标识符在单个会话中保持持久性。你可以使用以下方法获得当前窗口的窗口句柄:
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
assertNotNull(currHandle);driver.current_window_handle // Navigate to Url
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html";
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
Assert.IsNotNull(currHandle);driver.window_handleawait driver.getWindowHandle();driver.windowHandle单击在 <a href=“https://seleniumhq.github.io"target="_blank”>新窗口 中打开链接， 则屏幕会聚焦在新窗口或新标签页上，但 WebDriver 不知道操作系统认为哪个窗口是活动的。 要使用新窗口，您需要切换到它。 如果只有两个选项卡或窗口被打开，并且你知道从哪个窗口开始， 则你可以遍历 WebDriver， 通过排除法可以看到两个窗口或选项卡，然后切换到你需要的窗口或选项卡。
不过，Selenium 4 提供了一个新的 api NewWindow 它创建一个新选项卡 (或) 新窗口并自动切换到它。
//click on link to open a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title=driver.getTitle();
assertEquals("Simple Page",title);from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# 启动驱动程序
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# 打开网址
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")
# 设置等待
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
# 存储原始窗口的 ID
original_window = driver.current_window_handle
# 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1
# 单击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()
# 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
# 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
if window_handle != original_window:
driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
break
# 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation")) //click on link to open a new window
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Open new window")).Click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
IList<string> windowHandles = new List<string>(driver.WindowHandles);
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title = driver.Title;
Assert.AreEqual("Simple Page", title); # 存储原始窗口的 ID
original_window = driver.window_handle
#检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1,'Expected one window')
#点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.find_element(link:'new window').click
#等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until {driver.window_handles.length == 2}
#循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end
#等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until {driver.title =='Selenium documentation'}// 存储原始窗口的 ID
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();
// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);
// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();
// 等待新窗口或标签页
await driver.wait(async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);
// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {if (handle !== originalWindow) {await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});
// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);// 存储原始窗口的 ID
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()
// 检查一下，我们还没有打开其他的窗口
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)
// 点击在新窗口中打开的链接
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()
// 等待新窗口或标签页
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))
// 循环执行，直到找到一个新的窗口句柄
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}
// 等待新标签页完成加载内容
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))当你完成了一个窗口或标签页的工作时，_并且_它不是浏览器中最后一个打开的窗口或标签页时，你应该关闭它并切换回你之前使用的窗口。 假设您遵循了前一节中的代码示例，您将把前一个窗口句柄存储在一个变量中。把这些放在一起，你会得到:
//closing current window
driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]); #关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()
#切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window(original_window) //closing current window
driver.Close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]); #关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close
#切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switch_to.window original_window//关闭标签页或窗口
await driver.close();
//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);//关闭标签页或窗口
driver.close()
//切回到之前的标签页或窗口
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)如果在关闭一个窗口后忘记切换回另一个窗口句柄，WebDriver 将在当前关闭的页面上执行，并触发一个 No Such Window Exception 无此窗口异常。必须切换回有效的窗口句柄才能继续执行。
创建一个新窗口 (或) 标签页，屏幕焦点将聚焦在新窗口或标签在上。您不需要切换到新窗口 (或) 标签页。如果除了新窗口之外， 您打开了两个以上的窗口 (或) 标签页，您可以通过遍历 WebDriver 看到两个窗口或选项卡，并切换到非原始窗口。
注意: 该特性适用于 Selenium 4 及其后续版本。
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle()); # 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')
# 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switch_to.new_window('window') //Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab);
Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window);
Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switch_to.new_window(:tab)打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switch_to.new_window(:window) await driver.switchTo().newWindow('tab'); await driver.switchTo().newWindow('window');// 打开新标签页并切换到新标签页
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
// 打开一个新窗口并切换到新窗口
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)当你完成了浏览器会话，你应该调用 quit 退出，而不是 close 关闭:
//quitting driver
driver.quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quit() //quitting driver
driver.Quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quitawait driver.quit();driver.quit()调用 quit() 失败将留下额外的后台进程和端口运行在机器上，这可能在以后导致一些问题。
有的测试框架提供了一些方法和注释，您可以在测试结束时放入 teardown() 方法中。
/**
* 使用 JUnit 的例子
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
public static void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
} # unittest teardown
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=teardown#unittest.TestCase.tearDown
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()/*
使用 Visual Studio 的 UnitTesting 的例子
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/
[TestCleanup]
public void TearDown()
{driver.Quit();
} # UnitTest Teardown
# https://www.rubydoc.info/github/test-unit/test-unit/Test/Unit/TestCase
def teardown
@driver.quit
end/**
* 使用 Mocha 的例子
* https://mochajs.org/#hooks
*/
after('Tear down', async function () {await driver.quit();
});
/**
* 使用 JUnit 的例子
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
fun tearDown() {
driver.quit()
}如果不在测试上下文中运行 WebDriver，您可以考虑使用 try / finally，这是大多数语言都提供的，
这样一个异常处理仍然可以清理 WebDriver 会话。
try {
//WebDriver 代码…
} finally {
driver.quit();
}try:
#WebDriver 代码…
finally:
driver.quit()try {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {driver.Quit();
}begin
#WebDriver 代码…
ensure
driver.quit
endtry {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {await driver.quit();
}try {//WebDriver 代码…} finally {driver.quit()
}Python 的 WebDriver 现在支持 Python 上下文管理器，当使用 with 关键字时，可以在执行结束时自动退出驱动程序。
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# WebDriver 代码…
# 在此缩进位置后 WebDriver 会自动退出
屏幕分辨率会影响 web 应用程序的呈现方式，因此 WebDriver 提供了移动和调整浏览器窗口大小的机制。
获取浏览器窗口的大小(以像素为单位)。
// 分别获取每个尺寸
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight(); # 分别获取每个尺寸
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")// 分别获取每个尺寸
int width = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;
int height = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
System.Drawing.Size size = driver.Manage().Window.Size;
int width1 = size.Width;
int height1 = size.Height; # 分别获取每个尺寸
width = driver.manage.window.size.width
height = driver.manage.window.size.height
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
size = driver.manage.window.size
width1 = size.width
height1 = size.height const { width, height } = await driver.manage().window().getRect(); const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const windowWidth = rect.width;
const windowHeight = rect.height;// 分别获取每个尺寸
val width = driver.manage().window().size.width
val height = driver.manage().window().size.height
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
val size = driver.manage().window().size
val width1 = size.width
val height1 = size.height恢复窗口并设置窗口大小。
driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)driver.Manage().Window.Size = new Size(1024, 768);driver.manage.window.resize_to(1024,768)await driver.manage().window().setRect({width: 1024, height: 768});driver.manage().window().size = Dimension(1024, 768)获取浏览器窗口左上角的坐标。
// 分别获取每个尺寸
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY(); # 分别获取每个尺寸
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')
# 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')// 分别获取每个尺寸
int x = driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;
int y = driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
Point position = driver.Manage().Window.Position;
int x1 = position.X;
int y1 = position.Y; #Access each dimension individually
x = driver.manage.window.position.x
y = driver.manage.window.position.y
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
rect = driver.manage.window.rect
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y const { x, y } = await driver.manage().window().getRect(); const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const x1 = rect.x;
const y1 = rect.y;// 分别获取每个尺寸
val x = driver.manage().window().position.x
val y = driver.manage().window().position.y
// 或者存储尺寸并在以后查询它们
val position = driver.manage().window().position
val x1 = position.x
val y1 = position.y将窗口移动到设定的位置。
// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0)); # 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.Manage().Window.Position = new Point(0, 0);driver.manage.window.move_to(0,0)// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
await driver.manage().window().setRect({x: 0, y: 0});// 将窗口移动到主显示器的左上角
driver.manage().window().position = Point(0,0)扩大窗口。对于大多数操作系统，窗口将填满屏幕，而不会阻挡操作系统自己的菜单和工具栏。
driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.maximize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();driver.manage.window.maximizeawait driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.manage().window().maximize()最小化当前浏览上下文的窗口. 这种命令的精准行为将作用于各个特定的窗口管理器.
最小化窗口通常将窗口隐藏在系统托盘中.
注意: 此功能适用于Selenium 4以及更高版本.
driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.minimize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Minimize();driver.manage.window.minimizeawait driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.manage().window().minimize()填充整个屏幕，类似于在大多数浏览器中按下 F11。
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.fullscreen_window()driver.Manage().Window.FullScreen();driver.manage.window.full_screenawait driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.manage().window().fullscreen()用于捕获当前浏览上下文的屏幕截图. WebDriver端点 屏幕截图 返回以Base64格式编码的屏幕截图.
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
Screenshot screenshot = (driver as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png", ScreenshotImageFormat.Png); // Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiffrequire 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified path
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
end // Captures the screenshot
let encodedString = await driver.takeScreenshot();
// save screenshot as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
import com.oracle.tools.packager.IOUtils.copyFile
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.io.File
fun main(){
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val scrFile = (driver as TakesScreenshot).getScreenshotAs<File>(OutputType.FILE)
copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}用于捕获当前浏览上下文的元素的屏幕截图. WebDriver端点 屏幕截图 返回以Base64格式编码的屏幕截图.
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
// Webdriver
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
// Fetch element using FindElement
var webElement = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));
// Screenshot for the element
var elementScreenshot = (webElement as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png"); # Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and above
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
ele = driver.find_element(:css, 'h1')
# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified path
ele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')
end let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Captures the element screenshot
let encodedString = await header.takeScreenshot(true);
// save screenshot as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import java.io.File
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
val scrFile: File = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}在当前frame或者窗口的上下文中，执行JavaScript代码片段.
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
//Button Element
WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')"); # Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")
# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
driver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText', header)//creating Chromedriver instance
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor) driver;
//Button Element
IWebElement button = driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')"); # Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(css: 'h1')
# Get return value from script
result = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
# Executing JavaScript directly
driver.execute_script("alert('hello world')") // Stores the header element
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
let text = await driver.executeScript('return arguments[0].innerText', header);// Stores the header element
val header = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
// Get return value from script
val result = driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")打印当前浏览器内的页面
注意: 此功能需要无头模式下的Chromium浏览器
import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev");
printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
String content = pdf.getContent();from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']
driver.get("printPage.html")
base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)// code sample not available please raise a PRdriver.navigate_to 'https://www.selenium.dev'
base64encodedContent = driver.print_page(orientation: 'landscape') await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html');
let base64 = await driver.printPage({pageRanges: ["1-2"]});
// page can be saved as a PDF as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
val printer = driver as PrintsPage
val printOptions = PrintOptions()
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2")
val pdf: Pdf = printer.print(printOptions)
val content = pdf.contentWeb 应用程序可以启用基于公钥的身份验证机制（称为 Web 身份验证）以无密码方式对用户进行身份验证。 Web 身份验证 定义了允许用户创建公钥凭据并将其注册到身份验证器的 API。 身份验证器可以是硬件设备或软件实体，用于存储用户的公钥凭证并根据请求检索它们。
顾名思义，虚拟身份验证器模拟此类身份验证器进行测试。
虚拟身份验证器具有 一组属性。 这些属性在 Selenium 绑定中映射为 VirtualAuthenticatorOptions。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true)
.setHasUserVerification(true)
.setIsUserConsenting(true)
.setTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false); // Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserConsenting(true)
.SetTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.is_user_verified = True
options.has_user_verification = True
options.is_user_consenting = True
options.transport = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB
options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F
options.has_resident_key = False options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserConsenting(true);
options.setTransport(Transport['USB']);
options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
assert(Object.keys(options).length === 6);它使用提供的属性创建一个新的虚拟身份验证器。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options); // Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials(); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F
options.has_resident_key = False
# Register a virtual authenticator
driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options) options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);删除之前添加的虚拟身份验证器。
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).removeVirtualAuthenticator(authenticator); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
String virtualAuthenticatorId = ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveVirtualAuthenticator(virtualAuthenticatorId); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
# Register a virtual authenticator
driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)
# Remove virtual authenticator
driver.remove_virtual_authenticator() await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
await driver.removeVirtualAuthenticator();使用给定的所需凭据 参数 创建一个永久(有状态的)凭据。
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0); byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0); # parameters for Resident Credential
credential_id = bytearray({1, 2, 3, 4})
rp_id = "localhost"
user_handle = bytearray({1})
privatekey = urlsafe_b64decode(BASE64__ENCODED_PK)
sign_count = 0
# create a resident credential using above parameters
resident_credential = Credential.create_resident_credential(credential_id, rp_id, user_handle, privatekey, sign_count) options.setProtocol(Protocol['CTAP2']);
options.setHasResidentKey(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let residentCredential = new Credential().createResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
new Uint8Array([1]),
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(residentCredential);使用给定的所需凭据 参数 创建一个常驻(无状态)凭据。
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0); byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0); # parameters for Non Resident Credential
credential_id = bytearray({1, 2, 3, 4})
rp_id = "localhost"
privatekey = urlsafe_b64decode(BASE64__ENCODED_PK)
sign_count = 0
# create a non resident credential using above parameters
credential = Credential.create_non_resident_credential(credential_id, rp_id, privatekey, sign_count) let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(base64EncodedPK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);向身份验证器注册凭据。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(nonResidentCredential); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential); driver.add_credential(credential) options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(base64EncodedPK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);返回身份验证者拥有的凭据列表。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.CTAP2)
.setHasResidentKey(true)
.setHasUserVerification(true)
.setIsUserVerified(true);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = authenticator.getCredentials(); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(Protocol.CTAP2)
.SetHasResidentKey(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserVerified(true);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials(); credential_list = driver.get_credentials() options.setProtocol(Protocol['CTAP2']);
options.setHasResidentKey(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let residentCredential = new Credential().createResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
new Uint8Array([1]),
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(residentCredential);
let credentialList = await driver.getCredentials();根据传递的凭据ID从身份验证器中删除凭据。
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveCredential(credentialId); VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential credential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, 0);
authenticator.addCredential(credential);
authenticator.removeCredential(credentialId); driver.remove_credential(credential.id)从身份验证器中删除所有凭据。
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
authenticator.removeAllCredentials(); ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveAllCredentials(); driver.remove_all_credentials() await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);
await driver.removeAllCredentials();设置身份验证器是模拟用户验证成功还是失败。
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true); # Create virtual authenticator options
options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.is_user_verified = True options.setIsUserVerified(true);
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