这是本节的多页打印视图。点击此处打印.

驱动会话

1: 浏览器选项
2: HTTP Client Configuration
3: 驱动服务类
4: 远程WebDriver

启动和停止会话, 用于打开和关闭浏览器.

创建会话

创建会话对应于W3C的命令新建会话

会话是通过初始化新的驱动类对象自动创建的.

每种语言都允许使用来自这些类 (或等效类) 之一的参数创建会话:

选项描述您想要的会话类型; 默认值为local，但是对于remote则是必须设置的
各种形式的 HTTP Client configuration (实现因语言而异)
监听器

本地驱动

启动本地驱动的首要唯一参数包括在本地计算机上有关启动所需驱动服务的信息.

服务对象仅适用于本地驱动，并提供有关浏览器驱动的信息

    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);

View full example on GitHub

    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")

View full example on GitHub

            driver = new ChromeDriver(options);

View full example on GitHub

      driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options

View full example on GitHub

    let driver = new Builder()
        .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
        .setChromeOptions(options)
        .setChromeService(service)
        .build();

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

远程驱动

用于启动远程驱动的首要唯一参数包括有关在何处执行代码的信息. 请浏览远程驱动章节中的详细信息

退出会话

退出会话对应于W3C的命令删除会话.

重要提示: quit 方法与 close 方法不同, 建议始终使用 quit 来结束会话

        driver.quit();

View full example on GitHub

    driver.quit()

View full example on GitHub

        driver.Quit();

View full example on GitHub

      driver.quit

View full example on GitHub

    await driver.quit();

View full example on GitHub

        driver.quit()

View full example on GitHub

1 - 浏览器选项

这些capabilities用于所有浏览器.

在 Selenium 3 中, capabilities是借助"Desired Capabilities"类定义于会话中的. 从 Selenium 4 开始, 您必须使用浏览器选项类. 对于远程驱动程序会话, 浏览器选项实例是必需的, 因为它确定将使用哪个浏览器.

这些选项在 Capabilities 的 w3c 规范中进行了描述.

每个浏览器都有自定义选项 , 是规范定义之外的内容.

browserName

默认情况下，使用 Options 类实例时会设置浏览器名称.

	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
	String name = chromeOptions.getBrowserName();

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    assert options.capabilities['browserName'] == 'chrome'

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

browserVersion

此功能是可选的，用于在远程端设置可用的浏览器版本. 在最新版本的 Selenium 中，如果在系统上找不到该版本, 它将被 Selenium Manager 自动下载

	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
	String version = "latest";
	chromeOptions.setBrowserVersion(version);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.browser_version = 'stable'
    assert options.capabilities['browserVersion'] == 'stable'

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options.browser_version = 'latest'

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

pageLoadStrategy

共有三种类型的页面加载策略.

页面加载策略可以在此链接查询 document.readyState , 如下表所述:

策略	就绪状态	备注
normal	complete	默认值, 等待所有资源下载
eager	interactive	DOM 访问已准备就绪, 但诸如图像的其他资源可能仍在加载
none	Any	完全不会阻塞 WebDriver

文档的 document.readyState 属性描述当前文档的加载状态.

当通过URL导航到新页面时, 默认情况下, WebDriver将暂缓完成导航方法 (例如, driver.navigate().get())直到文档就绪状态完成. 这 并非意味着该页面已完成加载, 特别是对于使用 JavaScript 在就绪状态返回完成后动态加载内容单页应用程序的站点. 另请注意此行为不适用于单击元素或提交表单后出现的导航行为.

如果由于下载对自动化不重要的资源(例如, 图像、css、js) 而需要很长时间才能加载页面, 您可以将默认参数normal更改为 eager 或 none 以加快会话加载速度. 此值适用于整个会话, 因此请确保您的等待策略足够普适.

normal (默认值)

WebDriver一直等到 load 事件触发并返回.

    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.page_load_strategy = 'normal'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace pageLoadStrategy {
  class pageLoadStrategy {
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
      var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
      chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.Normal;
      IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
      try {
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
      } finally {
        driver.Quit();
      }
    }
  }
}

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.page_load_strategy = :normal

View full example on GitHub

    let driver = new Builder()
      .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
      .setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('normal'))
      .build();

    await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
    await driver.quit();

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions

fun main() {
  val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
  chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL)
  val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
  try {
    driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  }
  finally {
    driver.quit()
  }
}

eager

WebDriver一直等到 DOMContentLoaded 事件触发并返回.

    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.page_load_strategy = 'eager'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace pageLoadStrategy {
  class pageLoadStrategy {
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
      var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
      chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.Eager;
      IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
      try {
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
      } finally {
        driver.Quit();
      }
    }
  }
}

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.page_load_strategy = :eager

View full example on GitHub

    let driver = new Builder()
      .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
      .setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('eager'))
      .build();

    await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
    await driver.quit();

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions

fun main() {
  val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
  chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER)
  val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
  try {
    driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  }
  finally {
    driver.quit()
  }
}

none

WebDriver 仅等待初始页面已下载.

    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.page_load_strategy = 'none'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

namespace pageLoadStrategy {
  class pageLoadStrategy {
    public static void Main(string[] args) {
      var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
      chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.None;
      IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
      try {
        driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
      } finally {
        driver.Quit();
      }
    }
  }
}

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.page_load_strategy = :none

View full example on GitHub

    let driver = new Builder()
      .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
      .setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('none'))
      .build();

    await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
    await driver.quit();

View full example on GitHub

import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions

fun main() {
  val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
  chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE)
  val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
  try {
    driver.get("https://www.google.com")
  }
  finally {
    driver.quit()
  }
}

platformName

这标识了远端的操作系统, 获取 platformName 将返回操作系统的名称.

在基于云的供应者中, 设置 platformName 将在远程端设置操作系统.

	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
	String platform = "OS X 10.6";
	chromeOptions.setPlatformName(platform);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.platform_name = 'any'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
      options.platform_name = 'Windows 10'

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

acceptInsecureCerts

此功能检查在会话期间导航时是否使用了过期的 (或) 无效的 TLS Certificate .

如果将功能设置为 false, 则页面浏览遇到任何域证书问题时, 将返回insecure certificate error . 如果设置为 true, 则浏览器将信任无效证书.

默认情况下, 此功能将信任所有自签名证书. 设置后, acceptInsecureCerts 功能将在整个会话中生效.

    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setAcceptInsecureCerts(true);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.accept_insecure_certs = True
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.accept_insecure_certs = true

View full example on GitHub

    let driver = new Builder()
      .forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
      .setChromeOptions(options.setAcceptInsecureCerts(true))
      .build();

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

timeouts

WebDriver session 具有一定的 session timeout 间隔, 在此间隔内, 用户可以控制执行脚本或从浏览器检索信息的行为.

每个会话超时都配置有不同 timeouts 的组合, 如下所述:

Script Timeout:

指定在当前浏览上下文中, 中断正在执行脚本的时机. WebDriver创建新会话时, 将设置默认的超时时间为 30,000 .

	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
	Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
	chromeOptions.setScriptTimeout(duration);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.timeouts = { 'script': 5000 }
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.timeouts = {script: 40_000}

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Page Load Timeout:

指定在当前浏览上下文中, 加载网页的时间间隔. WebDriver创建新会话时, 默认设置超时时间为 300,000 . 如果页面加载限制了给定 (或默认) 的时间范围, 则该脚本将被 TimeoutException 停止.

	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
	Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
	chromeOptions.setPageLoadTimeout(duration);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.timeouts = { 'pageLoad': 5000 }
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.timeouts = {page_load: 400_000}

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

Implicit Wait Timeout

指定在定位元素时, 等待隐式元素定位策略的时间. WebDriver创建新会话时, 将设置默认超时时间为 0 .

	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
	Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
	chromeOptions.setImplicitWaitTimeout(duration);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.timeouts = { 'implicit': 5000 }
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.timeouts = {implicit: 1}

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

unhandledPromptBehavior

指定当前会话 user prompt handler 的状态. 默认为 dismiss and notify state .

User Prompt Handler

这定义了在远端出现用户提示时必须采取的措施. 该行为由unhandledPromptBehavior 功能定义, 具有以下状态:

dismiss
accept
dismiss and notify
accept and notify
ignore

	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
	chromeOptions.setUnhandledPromptBehaviour(UnexpectedAlertBehaviour.DISMISS_AND_NOTIFY);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.unhandled_prompt_behavior = 'accept'
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.unhandled_prompt_behavior = :accept

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

setWindowRect

用于所有支持调整大小和重新定位命令的远程终端.

   	ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
   	chromeOptions.setCapability(CapabilityType.SET_WINDOW_RECT, true);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.FirefoxOptions()
    options.set_window_rect = True # Full support in Firefox
    driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
      options.set_window_rect = true

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

strictFileInteractability

新功能用于是否对 类型为文件的输入(input type=file) 元素进行严格的交互性检查. 默认关闭严格性检查, 在将 元素的Send Keys 方法作用于隐藏的文件上传时, 会有控制方面的行为区别.

    ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
    chromeOptions.setCapability(CapabilityType.STRICT_FILE_INTERACTABILITY, true);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.strict_file_interactability = True
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.strict_file_interactability = true

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

proxy

代理服务器充当客户端和服务器之间的请求中介. 简述而言, 流量将通过代理服务器流向您请求的地址, 然后返回.

使用代理服务器用于Selenium的自动化脚本, 可能对以下方面有益:

捕获网络流量
模拟网站后端响应
在复杂的网络拓扑结构或严格的公司限制/政策下访问目标站点.

如果您在公司环境中, 并且浏览器无法连接到URL, 则最有可能是因为环境, 需要借助代理进行访问.

Selenium WebDriver提供了如下设置代理的方法

Move Code

import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;

public class ProxyTest {
  public static void main(String[] args) {
    Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
    proxy.setHttpProxy("<HOST:PORT>");
    ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
    options.setCapability("proxy", proxy);
    WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
    driver.get("https://www.google.com/");
    driver.manage().window().maximize();
    driver.quit();
  }
}

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.proxy = Proxy({ 'proxyType': ProxyType.MANUAL, 'httpProxy' : 'http.proxy:1234'})
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

View full example on GitHub

using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;

public class ProxyTest{
public static void Main() {
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.Kind = ProxyKind.Manual;
proxy.IsAutoDetect = false;
proxy.SslProxy = "<HOST:PORT>";
options.Proxy = proxy;
options.AddArgument("ignore-certificate-errors");
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
}
}

      options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
      options.proxy = Selenium::WebDriver::Proxy.new(http: 'myproxy.com:8080')

View full example on GitHub

let webdriver = require('selenium-webdriver');
let chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
let proxy = require('selenium-webdriver/proxy');
let opts = new chrome.Options();

(async function example() {
opts.setProxy(proxy.manual({http: '<HOST:PORT>'}));
let driver = new webdriver.Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.setChromeOptions(opts)
.build();
try {
await driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
}());

import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions

class proxyTest {
fun main() {

        val proxy = Proxy()
        proxy.setHttpProxy("<HOST:PORT>")
        val options = ChromeOptions()
        options.setCapability("proxy", proxy)
        val driver: WebDriver = ChromeDriver(options)
        driver["https://www.google.com/"]
        driver.manage().window().maximize()
        driver.quit()
    }
}

2 - HTTP Client Configuration

允许您为HTTP库设置各种参数.

package dev.selenium.drivers;

import dev.selenium.BaseTest;

import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;

import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.time.Duration;

import org.openqa.selenium.UsernameAndPassword;

import static java.net.http.HttpClient.Version.HTTP_1_1;

public class HttpClientTest extends BaseTest {
    URL gridUrl;

    @BeforeEach
    public void startGrid() {
        gridUrl = startStandaloneGridAdvanced();
    }

    @Test
    public void remoteWebDriverWithClientConfig() throws Exception {
        ClientConfig clientConfig = ClientConfig.defaultConfig()
                .withRetries()
                .sslContext(createSSLContextWithCA(Path.of("src/test/resources/tls.crt").toAbsolutePath().toString()))
                .connectionTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(300))
                .readTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(3600))
                .authenticateAs(new UsernameAndPassword("admin", "myStrongPassword"))
                .version(HTTP_1_1.toString());
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        options.setEnableDownloads(true);
        driver = RemoteWebDriver.builder()
                .oneOf(options)
                .address(gridUrl)
                .config(clientConfig)
                .build();
        driver.quit();
    }

    @Test
    public void remoteWebDriverIgnoreSSL() throws Exception {
        ClientConfig clientConfig = ClientConfig.defaultConfig()
                .withRetries()
                .sslContext(createIgnoreSSLContext())
                .connectionTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(300))
                .readTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(3600))
                .authenticateAs(new UsernameAndPassword("admin", "myStrongPassword"))
                .version(HTTP_1_1.toString());
        ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
        options.setEnableDownloads(true);
        driver = RemoteWebDriver.builder()
                .oneOf(options)
                .address(gridUrl)
                .config(clientConfig)
                .build();
        driver.quit();
    }

    public static SSLContext createSSLContextWithCA(String caCertPath) throws Exception {
        FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(caCertPath);
        CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
        X509Certificate caCert = (X509Certificate) cf.generateCertificate(fis);
        KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
        keyStore.load(null, null);
        keyStore.setCertificateEntry("caCert", caCert);
        TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
        tmf.init(keyStore);
        SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
        sslContext.init(null, tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);
        return sslContext;
    }

    public static SSLContext createIgnoreSSLContext() throws Exception {
        TrustManager[] trustAllCerts = new TrustManager[]{
                new X509TrustManager() {
                    public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
                        return null;
                    }

                    public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
                    }

                    public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
                    }
                }
        };
        SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
        sslContext.init(null, trustAllCerts, new java.security.SecureRandom());
        return sslContext;
    }
}

View full example on GitHub

import os
import pytest
import sys
from urllib3.util import Retry, Timeout
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import Proxy
from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import ProxyType
from selenium.webdriver.remote.client_config import ClientConfig


@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote_with_client_config(grid_server):
    proxy = Proxy({"proxyType": ProxyType.AUTODETECT})
    retries = Retry(connect=2, read=2, redirect=2)
    timeout = Timeout(connect=300, read=3600)
    client_config = ClientConfig(remote_server_addr=grid_server,
                                 proxy=proxy,
                                 init_args_for_pool_manager={
                                     "init_args_for_pool_manager": {"retries": retries, "timeout": timeout}},
                                 ca_certs=_get_resource_path("tls.crt"),
                                 username="admin", password="myStrongPassword")
    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=grid_server, options=options, client_config=client_config)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
    driver.quit()


@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote_ignore_certs(grid_server):
    proxy = Proxy({"proxyType": ProxyType.AUTODETECT})
    client_config = ClientConfig(remote_server_addr=grid_server,
                                 proxy=proxy,
                                 timeout=3600,
                                 ignore_certificates=True,
                                 username="admin", password="myStrongPassword")
    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=grid_server, options=options, client_config=client_config)
    driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
    driver.quit()


def _get_resource_path(file_name: str):
    if os.path.abspath("").endswith("tests"):
        path = os.path.abspath(f"resources/{file_name}")
    else:
        path = os.path.abspath(f"tests/resources/{file_name}")
    return path

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

    client = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Http::Default.new(open_timeout: 30, read_timeout: 30)
    expect(client.open_timeout).to eq 30

View full example on GitHub

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3 - 驱动服务类

服务类用于管理驱动程序的启动和停止. 它们不能与远程 WebDriver 会话一起使用.

服务类允许您指定有关驱动程序的信息, 诸如位置和要使用的端口. 它们还允许您指定传递哪些参数到命令行. 大多数有用的参数都与日志记录有关.

默认服务实例

使用默认服务实例启动驱动程序:

    ChromeDriverService service = new ChromeDriverService.Builder().build();
    driver = new ChromeDriver(service);

View full example on GitHub

Selenium v4.11

    service = webdriver.ChromeService()
    driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service)

View full example on GitHub

            var service = ChromeDriverService.CreateDefaultService();
            driver = new ChromeDriver(service);

View full example on GitHub

    service = Selenium::WebDriver::Service.chrome
    @driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, service: service

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驱动程序位置

注意: 如果您使用的是 Selenium 4.6 或更高版本, 则无需设置驱动程序位置. 如果您无法更新 Selenium 或有高阶用法需求, 以下是指定驱动程序位置的方法:

    ChromeDriverService service =
        new ChromeDriverService.Builder().usingDriverExecutable(driverPath).build();

View full example on GitHub

Selenium v4.11

    service = webdriver.ChromeService(executable_path=chromedriver_bin)

View full example on GitHub

Selenium v4.9

            var service = ChromeDriverService.CreateDefaultService(GetDriverLocation(options));

View full example on GitHub

Selenium v4.8

    service.executable_path = driver_path

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驱动程序端口

如果希望驱动程序在特定端口上运行, 您可以在启动时指定端口号, 如下所示:

    ChromeDriverService service = new ChromeDriverService.Builder().usingPort(1234).build();

View full example on GitHub

Selenium v4.11

    service = webdriver.ChromeService(port=1234)

View full example on GitHub

            service.Port = 1234;

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Selenium v4.8

    service.port = 1234

View full example on GitHub

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日志

日志记录功能因浏览器而异. 大多数浏览器都允许您指定日志的位置和级别. 请查看相应的浏览器页面:

4 - 远程WebDriver

如果远程计算机上正在运行 Selenium Grid, 则 Selenium 允许您自动化远程计算机上的浏览器. 执行代码的计算机称为客户端计算机, 具有浏览器和驱动程序的计算机称为远程计算机, 有时也称为终端节点. 要将 Selenium 测试指向到远程计算机, 您需要使用 Remote WebDriver 类并传递包含该机器上网格端口的URL. 请参阅网格文档, 了解配置网格的全部方式.

基本样例

驱动程序需要知道在远程计算机上向何处发送命令, 以及启动哪个浏览器. 所以地址和选项实例都是必需的.

    ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(gridUrl, options);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)

View full example on GitHub

            var options = new ChromeOptions();
            driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);

View full example on GitHub

    options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
    driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options

View full example on GitHub

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上传

对于远程WebDriver会话, 上传文件更为复杂, 因为要上传的文件可能在执行代码的计算机上, 但远程计算机上的驱动程序正在其本地文件系统上查找提供的路径. 解决方案是使用本地文件检测器. 设置一个后, Selenium将捆绑文件, 并将其发送到远程计算机, 以便驱动程序可以看到对它的引用. 默认情况下, 某些实现包含一个基本的本地文件检测器, 并且所有这些实现都允许自定义文件检测器.

Java does not include a Local File Detector by default, so you must always add one to do uploads.

    ((RemoteWebDriver) driver).setFileDetector(new LocalFileDetector());
    WebElement fileInput = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));
    fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());
    driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();

View full example on GitHub

Python adds a local file detector to remote webdriver instances by default, but you can also create your own class.

    driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
    file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
    file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
    driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click()

View full example on GitHub

.NET adds a local file detector to remote webdriver instances by default, but you can also create your own class.

            ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
            IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
            fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
            driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click();

View full example on GitHub

Ruby adds a local file detector to remote webdriver instances by default, but you can also create your own lambda:

    driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
    file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
    file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
    driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click

View full example on GitHub

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下载

Chrome、Edge和Firefox都允许您设置下载目录的位置. 但是, 当您在远程计算机上执行此操作时, 位置在远程计算机的本地文件系统上. Selenium允许您启用下载功能, 将这些文件下载到客户端计算机上.

在网格中启用下载

当以节点或独立模式启动网格时, 你必须添加参数:

--enable-managed-downloads true

在客户端中启用下载

网格使用 se:downloadsEnabled 功能来切换是否负责管理浏览器位置. 每个实现在options类中都有一个方法来设置.

    ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
    options.setEnableDownloads(true);
    driver = new RemoteWebDriver(gridUrl, options);

View full example on GitHub

    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.enable_downloads = True
    driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options)

View full example on GitHub

            ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
            {
                EnableDownloads = true
            };

            driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options);

View full example on GitHub

    options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
    driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: options

View full example on GitHub

Add Example

列出可下载文件

请注意, Selenium不会等待文件下载完成, 因此, 该列表是给定会话目录中当前文件名的即时快照.

    List<String> files = ((HasDownloads) driver).getDownloadableFiles();

View full example on GitHub

    files = driver.get_downloadable_files()

View full example on GitHub

            IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles();

View full example on GitHub

    files = driver.downloadable_files

View full example on GitHub

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下载文件

Selenium在列表中查找提供的文件的名称, 并将其下载到提供的目标目录.

    ((HasDownloads) driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);

View full example on GitHub

    driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)

View full example on GitHub

            ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory);

View full example on GitHub

    driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)

View full example on GitHub

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删除已下载的文件

默认情况下, 下载目录在可用会话结束时被删除, 但您也可以在会话期间删除所有文件.

    ((HasDownloads) driver).deleteDownloadableFiles();

View full example on GitHub

    driver.delete_downloadable_files()

View full example on GitHub

            ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles();

View full example on GitHub

    driver.delete_downloadable_files

View full example on GitHub

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浏览器特定功能

每个浏览器都实现了仅对该浏览器可用的特殊功能. 每种Selenium实现都实现了在远程会话中使用这些功能的不同方式

Java requires you to use the Augmenter class, which allows it to automatically pull in implementations for all interfaces that match the capabilities used with the RemoteWebDriver

    driver = new Augmenter().augment(driver);

View full example on GitHub

Of interest, using the RemoteWebDriverBuilder automatically augments the driver, so it is a great way to get all the functionality by default:

        RemoteWebDriver.builder()
            .address(gridUrl)
            .oneOf(new ChromeOptions())
            .setCapability("ext:options", Map.of("key", "value"))
            .config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig())
            .build();

View full example on GitHub

Implementation Missing

.NET uses a custom command executor for executing commands that are valid for the given browser in the remote driver.

            var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
            customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);

            var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
                .ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);

View full example on GitHub

Ruby uses mixins to add applicable browser specific methods to the Remote WebDriver session; the methods should always just work for you.

Add Example

追踪客户端请求

此功能仅适用于Java客户端绑定 (Beta版以后). 远程WebDriver客户端向Selenium网格服务器发送请求, 后者将请求传递给WebDriver. 应该在服务器端和客户端启用跟踪, 以便端到端地追踪HTTP请求. 两端都应该有一个指向可视化框架的追踪导出器设置. 默认情况下, 对客户端和服务器都启用追踪. 若设置可视化框架Jaeger UI及Selenium Grid 4, 请参阅所需版本的追踪设置 .

对于客户端设置, 请执行以下步骤.

添加所需依赖

可以使用Maven安装追踪导出器的外部库. 在项目pom.xml中添加 opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger 和 grpc-netty 的依赖项：

  <dependency>
      <groupId>io.opentelemetry</groupId>
      <artifactId>opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger</artifactId>
      <version>1.0.0</version>
    </dependency>
    <dependency>
      <groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
      <artifactId>grpc-netty</artifactId>
      <version>1.35.0</version>
    </dependency>

在运行客户端时添加/传递所需的系统属性

System.setProperty("otel.traces.exporter", "jaeger");
System.setProperty("otel.exporter.jaeger.endpoint", "http://localhost:14250");
System.setProperty("otel.resource.attributes", "service.name=selenium-java-client");

ImmutableCapabilities capabilities = new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "chrome");

WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://www.example.com"), capabilities);

driver.get("http://www.google.com");

driver.quit();

有关所需Selenium版本及其外部依赖关系版本等更多信息, 请参阅追踪设置 .

更多信息请访问:

OpenTelemetry: https://opentelemetry.io
配置OpenTelemetry: https://github.com/open-telemetry/opentelemetry-java/tree/main/sdk-extensions/autoconfigure
Jaeger: https://www.jaegertracing.io
Selenium Grid 可观测性

驱动会话

创建会话

本地驱动

远程驱动

退出会话

1 - 浏览器选项

browserName

browserVersion

pageLoadStrategy

normal (默认值)

eager

none

platformName

acceptInsecureCerts

timeouts

Script Timeout:

Page Load Timeout:

Implicit Wait Timeout

unhandledPromptBehavior

User Prompt Handler

setWindowRect

strictFileInteractability

proxy

2 - HTTP Client Configuration

3 - 驱动服务类

默认服务实例

驱动程序位置

驱动程序端口

日志

4 - 远程WebDriver

基本样例

上传

下载

在网格中启用下载

在客户端中启用下载

列出可下载文件

下载文件

删除已下载的文件

浏览器特定功能

追踪客户端请求

添加所需依赖

在运行客户端时添加/传递所需的系统属性

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