The core libraries of Selenium try to be low level and non-opinionated. The Support classes in each language provide opinionated wrappers for common interactions that may be used to simplify some behaviors.
1 - Waiting with Expected Conditions
These are classes used to describe what needs to be waited for.
Expected Conditions are used with Explicit Waits. Instead of defining the block of code to be executed with a lambda, an expected conditions method can be created to represent common things that get waited on. Some methods take locators as arguments, others take elements as arguments.
These methods can include conditions such as:
- element exists
- element is stale
- element is visible
- text is visible
- title contains specified value
[Expected Conditions Documentation](https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/docs/api/py/webdriver_support/selenium.webdriver.support.expected_conditions.html)
.NET stopped supporting Expected Conditions in Selenium 4 to minimize maintenance hassle and redundancy.
Ruby makes frequent use of blocks, procs and lambdas and does not need Expected Conditions classes
2 - Command Listeners
These allow you to execute custom actions in every time specific Selenium commands are sent
3 - 色を扱う
テストの一部として何かの色を検証したい場合があります。 問題は、ウェブ上の色の定義が一定ではないことです。 色のHEX表現を色のRGB表現と比較する簡単な方法、または色のRGBA表現を色のHSLA表現と比較する簡単な方法があったらいいのではないでしょうか？
心配しないでください。解決策があります。: Color クラスです！
まず、クラスをインポートする必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;
from selenium.webdriver.support.color import Color
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
include Selenium::WebDriver::Support
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Colorこれで、カラーオブジェクトの作成を開始できます。 すべての色オブジェクトは、色の文字列表現から作成する必要があります。 サポートされている色表現は、以下のとおりです。
private final Color HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)");
private final Color HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)");
private final Color HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)");
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8")
private val RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)")
private val RGB_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)")
private val HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)")
private val HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)")
Colorクラスは、 http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4 で指定されているすべての基本色定義もサポートしています。
private final Color BLACK = Color.fromString("black");
private final Color CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate");
private final Color HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink");
BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val BLACK = Color.fromString("black")
private val CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate")
private val HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink")
要素に色が設定されていない場合、ブラウザは “透明” の色の値を返すことがあります。 Colorクラスもこれをサポートしています。
private final Color TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent");
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent")
レスポンスが正しく解析され、有効なColorオブジェクトに変換されることを認識して、要素を安全にクエリしてその色/背景色を取得できるようになりました。
Color loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"));
Color loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"));
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('background-color'))
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('background-color'))
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
val loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"))
val loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"))
そして、色オブジェクトを直接比較できます。
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK);
assert login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK)
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK))
または、色を次の形式のいずれかに変換し、静的に検証することができます。
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)");
assert login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)'
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)"))
色はもはや問題ではありません。
4 - 選択要素の操作
選択リストには、他の要素と比較して特別な動作があります。
The Select object will now give you a series of commands
that allow you to interact with a <select> element.
If you are using Java or .NET make sure that you’ve properly required the support package in your code. See the full code from GitHub in any of the examples below.
Note that this class only works for HTML elements select and option.
It is possible to design drop-downs with JavaScript overlays using div or li,
and this class will not work for those.
Types
Select methods may behave differently depending on which type of <select> element is being worked with.
Single select
This is the standard drop-down object where one and only one option may be selected.
<select name="selectomatic">
<option selected="selected" id="non_multi_option" value="one">One</option>
<option value="two">Two</option>
<option value="four">Four</option>
<option value="still learning how to count, apparently">Still learning how to count, apparently</option>
</select>
Multiple select
This select list allows selecting and deselecting more than one option at a time.
This only applies to <select> elements with the multiple attribute.
<select name="multi" id="multi" multiple="multiple">
<option selected="selected" value="eggs">Eggs</option>
<option value="ham">Ham</option>
<option selected="selected" value="sausages">Sausages</option>
<option value="onion gravy">Onion gravy</option>
</select>
Create class
First locate a <select> element, then use it to initialize a Select object.
Note that as of Selenium 4.5, you can’t create a Select object if the <select> element is disabled.
WebElement selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"));
Select select = new Select(selectElement); select_element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'selectomatic')
select = Select(select_element) var selectElement = driver.FindElement(By.Name("selectomatic"));
var select = new SelectElement(selectElement); select_element = driver.find_element(name: 'selectomatic')
select = Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(select_element)
it('Select an option', async function () {
val selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"))
val select = Select(selectElement)List options
There are two lists that can be obtained:
All options
Get a list of all options in the <select> element:
List<WebElement> optionList = select.getOptions(); option_list = select.options IList<IWebElement> optionList = select.Options; option_list = select.options val optionList = select.getOptions()Selected options
Get a list of selected options in the <select> element. For a standard select list
this will only be a list with one element, for a multiple select list it can contain
zero or many elements.
List<WebElement> selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions(); selected_option_list = select.all_selected_options IList<IWebElement> selectedOptionList = select.AllSelectedOptions; selected_option_list = select.selected_options val selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions()Select option
The Select class provides three ways to select an option. Note that for multiple select type Select lists, you can repeat these methods for each element you want to select.
Text
Select the option based on its visible text
select.selectByVisibleText("Four"); select.select_by_visible_text('Four') select.SelectByText("Four"); select.select_by(:text, 'Four') const countElement = await driver.findElement(By.css("option[value='still learning how to count, apparently']"))
select.selectByVisibleText("Four")Value
Select the option based on its value attribute
select.selectByValue("two"); select.select_by_value('two') select.SelectByValue("two"); select.select_by(:value, 'two') assert.equal(true, await fourElement.isSelected())
select.selectByValue("two")Index
Select the option based on its position in the list
select.selectByIndex(3); select.select_by_index(3) select.SelectByIndex(3); select.select_by(:index, 3) assert.equal(true, await twoElement.isSelected())
select.selectByIndex(3)Disabled options
Options with a disabled attribute may not be selected.
<select name="single_disabled">
<option id="sinlge_disabled_1" value="enabled">Enabled</option>
<option id="sinlge_disabled_2" value="disabled" disabled="disabled">Disabled</option>
</select>
Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
select.selectByValue("disabled");
}); with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
select.select_by_value('disabled') Assert.ThrowsException<InvalidOperationException>(() => select.SelectByValue("disabled")); expect {
select.select_by(:value, 'disabled')
}.to raise_exception(Selenium::WebDriver::Error::UnsupportedOperationError) const select = await new Select(selectElement)
await assert.rejects(async () => {
await select.selectByValue("disabled")
Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException::class.java) {
select.selectByValue("disabled")
}De-select option
Only multiple select type select lists can have options de-selected. You can repeat these methods for each element you want to select.
select.deselectByValue("eggs"); select.deselect_by_value('eggs') select.DeselectByValue("eggs"); select.deselect_by(:value, 'eggs') assert.equal(true, await gravyElement.isSelected())
select.deselectByValue("eggs")5 - ThreadGuard
このクラスは、Javaバインディングでのみ使用可能です。
ThreadGuardは、ドライバーが、それを作成した同じスレッドからのみ呼び出されることを確認します。 特に並行してテストを実行する場合のスレッドの問題は、不可解でエラーの診断が難しい場合があります。 このラッパーを使用すると、このカテゴリのエラーが防止され、発生時に例外が発生します。
次の例は、スレッドの衝突をシミュレートします。
public class DriverClash {
//thread main (id 1) created this driver
private WebDriver protectedDriver = ThreadGuard.protect(new ChromeDriver());
static {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "<Set path to your Chromedriver>");
}
//Thread-1 (id 24) is calling the same driver causing the clash to happen
Runnable r1 = () -> {protectedDriver.get("https://selenium.dev");};
Thread thr1 = new Thread(r1);
void runThreads(){
thr1.start();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new DriverClash().runThreads();
}
}
結果は以下のとおりです。
Exception in thread "Thread-1" org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException:
Thread safety error; this instance of WebDriver was constructed
on thread main (id 1)and is being accessed by thread Thread-1 (id 24)
This is not permitted and *will* cause undefined behaviour
下記例を参照してください。
protectedDriverはメインスレッドで作成されます- Java
Runnableを使用して新しいプロセスを起動し、新しいスレッドを使用してプロセスを実行します - メインスレッドのメモリに
protectedDriverがないため、両方のスレッドが衝突します。 ThreadGuard.protectは例外をスローします。
注意:
これは、並列実行時にドライバーを管理するために ThreadLocalを使用する必要性を置き換えるものではありません。
