要素を探す
DOM内の1つ以上の特定の要素を識別する方法
ロケーターは、ページ上の要素を識別する方法です。 これは、検索要素 メソッドに渡される引数です。
検出方法とは別にロケーターを宣言するタイミングと理由など、 ロケーターに関するヒントについては、 推奨されるテストプラクティス を確認してください。
要素選択の方法
WebDriverには標準のロケータが8種類あります。
| ロケータ | 詳細 |
|---|---|
| class name | class名に値を含む要素を探す (複合クラス名は使えない) |
| css selector | CSSセレクタが一致する要素を探す |
| id | id属性が一致する要素を探す |
| name | name属性が一致する要素を探す |
| link text | a要素のテキストが一致する要素を探す |
| partial link text | a要素のテキストが部分一致する要素を探す |
| tag name | タグ名が一致する要素を探す |
| xpath | XPathと一致する要素を探す |
Creating Locators
To work on a web element using Selenium, we need to first locate it on the web page. Selenium provides us above mentioned ways, using which we can locate element on the page. To understand and create locator we will use the following HTML snippet.
<html>
<body>
<style>
.information {
background-color: white;
color: black;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
<h2>Contact Selenium</h2>
<form>
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="m" />Male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="f" />Female <br>
<br>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input class="information" type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="Jane"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input class="information" type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<label for="newsletter">Newsletter:</label>
<input type="checkbox" name="newsletter" value="1" /><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
<p>To know more about Selenium, visit the official page
<a href ="www.selenium.dev">Selenium Official Page</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>
class name
HTML elements often feature a class attribute, just like the one in the snippet above. In Selenium, we can locate these specific elements using the class name locator.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")/examples/python/tests/elements/test_locators.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_class_name():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_css_selector(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"
driver.quit()
def test_id(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"
driver.quit()
def test_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_partial_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_tag_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_xpath(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"
driver.quit()
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Elements/LocatorsTest.cs
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Elements
{
[TestClass]
public class LocatorsTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestLocatorCommands(){
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html";
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));
driver.Quit();
}
}
} driver.find_element(class: 'information')/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.className('information'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("information"))
css selector
CSS is the language used to style HTML pages. We can use css selector locator strategy to identify the element on the page. If the element has an id, we create the locator as css = #id. Otherwise the format we follow is css =[attribute=value] . Let us see an example from above HTML snippet. We will create locator for First Name textbox, using css.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")/examples/python/tests/elements/test_locators.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_class_name():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_css_selector(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"
driver.quit()
def test_id(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"
driver.quit()
def test_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_partial_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_tag_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_xpath(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"
driver.quit()
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Elements/LocatorsTest.cs
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Elements
{
[TestClass]
public class LocatorsTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestLocatorCommands(){
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html";
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));
driver.Quit();
}
}
} driver.find_element(css: '#fname')/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.css('#fname'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.css("#fname"))
id
We can use the ID attribute available with element in a web page to locate it. Ideally the ID property should be unique for a element on the web page. We will identify the Last Name field using it.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")/examples/python/tests/elements/test_locators.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_class_name():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_css_selector(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"
driver.quit()
def test_id(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"
driver.quit()
def test_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_partial_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_tag_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_xpath(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"
driver.quit()
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Elements/LocatorsTest.cs
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Elements
{
[TestClass]
public class LocatorsTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestLocatorCommands(){
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html";
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));
driver.Quit();
}
}
} driver.find_element(id: 'lname')/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.id('lname'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"))
name
We can use the NAME attribute available with element in a web page to locate it. Ideally the NAME property should be unique for a element on the web page. We will identify the Newsletter checkbox using it.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")/examples/python/tests/elements/test_locators.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_class_name():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_css_selector(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"
driver.quit()
def test_id(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"
driver.quit()
def test_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_partial_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_tag_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_xpath(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"
driver.quit()
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Elements/LocatorsTest.cs
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Elements
{
[TestClass]
public class LocatorsTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestLocatorCommands(){
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html";
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));
driver.Quit();
}
}
} driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.name('newsletter'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"))
link text
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the link text locator to identify it on the web page. The link text is the visible text of the link. In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")/examples/python/tests/elements/test_locators.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_class_name():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_css_selector(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"
driver.quit()
def test_id(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"
driver.quit()
def test_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_partial_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_tag_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_xpath(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"
driver.quit()
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Elements/LocatorsTest.cs
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Elements
{
[TestClass]
public class LocatorsTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestLocatorCommands(){
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html";
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));
driver.Quit();
}
}
} driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.linkText('Selenium Official Page'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"))
partial link text
For links, we can use the partial link text locator to identify elements based on a portion of their visible text, rather than needing the entire string.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")/examples/python/tests/elements/test_locators.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_class_name():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_css_selector(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"
driver.quit()
def test_id(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"
driver.quit()
def test_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_partial_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_tag_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_xpath(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"
driver.quit()
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Elements/LocatorsTest.cs
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Elements
{
[TestClass]
public class LocatorsTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestLocatorCommands(){
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html";
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));
driver.Quit();
}
}
} driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText('Official Page'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"))
tag name
We can use the HTML TAG itself of the web element to identify it on the page. From the above HTML snippet shared, lets identify the link, using its html tag “a”.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")/examples/python/tests/elements/test_locators.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_class_name():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_css_selector(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"
driver.quit()
def test_id(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"
driver.quit()
def test_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_partial_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_tag_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_xpath(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"
driver.quit()
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Elements/LocatorsTest.cs
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Elements
{
[TestClass]
public class LocatorsTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestLocatorCommands(){
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html";
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));
driver.Quit();
}
}
} driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.tagName('a'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"))
xpath
Think of an HTML document as an XML tree—you can navigate through this structure using XPath. An absolute XPath starts from the very root of the document (e.g., /html/form/input[1] selects the male radio button). A relative XPath targets elements directly (e.g., //input[@name=‘fname’] selects the first name text box). Let’s see an example to create the XPath locator for the female radio button.
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")/examples/python/tests/elements/test_locators.py
import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_class_name():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_css_selector(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Jane"
driver.quit()
def test_id(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("value") == "Doe"
driver.quit()
def test_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
assert element is not None
assert element.tag_name == "input"
driver.quit()
def test_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_partial_link_text(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_tag_name(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("href") == "https://www.selenium.dev/"
driver.quit()
def test_xpath(driver):
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html")
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
assert element is not None
assert element.get_attribute("type") == "radio"
driver.quit()
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));/examples/dotnet/SeleniumDocs/Elements/LocatorsTest.cs
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support;
namespace SeleniumDocs.Elements
{
[TestClass]
public class LocatorsTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void TestLocatorCommands(){
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html";
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Jane", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
Assert.AreEqual("Doe", element.GetAttribute("value"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
Assert.AreEqual("input", element.TagName);
element = driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
Assert.AreEqual("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.GetAttribute("href"));
element = driver.FindElement(By.XPath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assert.AreEqual("radio", element.GetAttribute("type"));
driver.Quit();
}
}
} driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@value='f']'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@value='f']'))
Utilizing Locators
The FindElement makes using locators a breeze! For most languages,
all you need to do is utilize webdriver.common.by.By, however in
others it’s as simple as setting a parameter in the FindElement function
By
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
driver.find_element(class: 'information')/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.className('information'));
import org.openqa.selenium.By
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("information"))
ByChained
The ByChained class enables you to chain two By locators together. For example, instead of having to
locate a parent element, and then a child element of that parent, you can instead combine those two FindElement
functions into one.
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
ByAll
The ByAll class enables you to utilize two By locators at once, finding elements that match either of your By locators.
For example, instead of having to utilize two FindElement() functions to find the username and password input fields separately,
you can instead find them together in one clean FindElements()
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);/examples/java/src/test/java/dev/selenium/elements/LocatorTest.java
import java.util.List;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByAll;
import org.openqa.selenium.support.pagefactory.ByChained;
public class LocatorTest {
private WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setUp() {
// Initialize the driver before each test
driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/locators_tests/locators.html");
}
@AfterEach
public void tearDown() {
// Close the browser after each test
if (driver != null) {
driver.quit();
}
}
@Test
public void testClassName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testCssSelector() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Jane", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testId() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("Doe", element.getAttribute("value"));
}
@Test
public void testName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("input", element.getTagName());
}
@Test
public void testLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testPartialLinkText() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testTagName() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("https://www.selenium.dev/", element.getAttribute("href"));
}
@Test
public void testXpath() {
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
Assertions.assertNotNull(element);
Assertions.assertEquals("radio", element.getAttribute("type"));
}
@Test
public void testByAll() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> loginInputs = driver.findElements(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals(2, loginInputs.size());
}
@Test
public void testByChained() {
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/login.html");
By locator = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.tagName("input"));
WebElement usernameInput = driver.findElement(locator);
Assertions.assertEquals("Username", usernameInput.getAttribute("placeholder"));
}
}
相対ロケーター
Selenium 4 introduces Relative Locators (previously called as Friendly Locators). These locators are helpful when it is not easy to construct a locator for the desired element, but easy to describe spatially where the element is in relation to an element that does have an easily constructed locator.
How it works
Selenium uses the JavaScript function
getBoundingClientRect()
to determine the size and position of elements on the page, and can use this information to locate neighboring elements.
find the relative elements.
Relative locator methods can take as the argument for the point of origin, either a previously located element reference, or another locator. In these examples we’ll be using locators only, but you could swap the locator in the final method with an element object and it will work the same.
Let us consider the below example for understanding the relative locators.
Available relative locators
Above
If the email text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the password text field element is, we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “above” the password element.
By emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(By.id("password"));email_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").above({By.ID: "password"})var emailLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.TagName("input")).Above(By.Id("password")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let emailLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).above(By.id('password'));val emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(By.id("password"))Below
If the password text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the email text field element is, we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “below” the email element.
By passwordLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(By.id("email"));password_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").below({By.ID: "email"})var passwordLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.TagName("input")).Below(By.Id("email")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let passwordLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).below(By.id('email'));val passwordLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(By.id("email"))Left of
If the cancel button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the submit button element is, we can locate the cancel button element using the fact that it is a “button” element to the “left of” the submit element.
By cancelLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toLeftOf(By.id("submit"));cancel_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").to_left_of({By.ID: "submit"})var cancelLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).LeftOf(By.Id("submit")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let cancelLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).toLeftOf(By.id('submit'));val cancelLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toLeftOf(By.id("submit"))Right of
If the submit button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the cancel button element is, we can locate the submit button element using the fact that it is a “button” element “to the right of” the cancel element.
By submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"));submit_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").to_right_of({By.ID: "cancel"})var submitLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).RightOf(By.Id("cancel")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let submitLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).toRightOf(By.id('cancel'));val submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"))Near
If the relative positioning is not obvious, or it varies based on window size, you can use the near method to
identify an element that is at most 50px away from the provided locator.
One great use case for this is to work with a form element that doesn’t have an easily constructed locator,
but its associated input label element does.
By emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).near(By.id("lbl-email"));email_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").near({By.ID: "lbl-email"})var emailLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("input")).Near(By.Id("lbl-email")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let emailLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).near(By.id('lbl-email'));val emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).near(By.id("lbl-email"));Chaining relative locators
You can also chain locators if needed. Sometimes the element is most easily identified as being both above/below one element and right/left of another.
By submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("email")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"));submit_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").below({By.ID: "email"}).to_right_of({By.ID: "cancel"})var submitLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).Below(By.Id("email")).RightOf(By.Id("cancel")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})/examples/ruby/spec/elements/locators_spec.rb
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
RSpec.describe 'Element Locators', skip: 'These are reference following the documentation example' do
it 'finds element by class name' do
driver.find_element(class: 'information')
end
it 'finds element by css selector' do
driver.find_element(css: '#fname')
end
it 'finds element by id' do
driver.find_element(id: 'lname')
end
it 'find element by name' do
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter')
end
it 'finds element by link text' do
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by partial link text' do
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page')
end
it 'finds element by tag name' do
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a')
end
it 'finds element by xpath' do
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']")
end
context 'with relative locators' do
it 'finds element above' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})
end
it 'finds element below' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the left' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})
end
it 'finds element to the right' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
it 'finds near element' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})
end
it 'chains relative locators' do
driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})
end
end
end
let submitLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).below(By.id('email')).toRightOf(By.id('cancel'));val submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("email")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"))最終更新 November 3, 2026: updated locator document (#2953) (a30d2d00ab2)
