これは、このセクションの複数ページの印刷可能なビューです。 印刷するには、ここをクリックしてください.
WebDriverは、ユーザーがローカルまたはSeleniumサーバーを使用するリモートマシンで行うように、ブラウザをネイティブに動かし、ブラウザの自動化に関して大きく前進します。
Selenium WebDriverは言語バインディングと個々のブラウザ制御コードの実装の両方を参照します。
これは通常、単に WebDriver と呼ばれます。
Selenium WebDriverは、W3C勧告です。
WebDriverはシンプルでより簡潔なプログラミングインターフェイスとして設計されています。
WebDriverはコンパクトなオブジェクト指向APIです。
ブラウザーを効果的に動かします。
Seleniumは市場で主要なブラウザの全てを WebDriver を使うことでサポートしています。 WebDriverとはAPI群とプロトコルです。これらはウェブブラウザの動作をコントロールするための言語中立なインターフェイスを定義しています。 それぞれのブラウザは特定のWebDriverの実装を持っており、これらは driver と呼ばれます。 driverはブラウザに委譲する責務を持つコンポーネントであり、Seleniumとブラウザ間の通信を処理します。
この分離は、ブラウザベンダーに自分たちのブラウザでの実装の責任を持たせるための意図的な努力のひとつです。 Seleniumは可能な場合これらのサードパーティ製のdriverを使いますが、それが現実的でない場合のためにプロジェクトでメンテナンスしているdriverも提供しています。
Seleniumフレームワークはこれら全ての要素をユーザ向けのインターフェイスを通して結びつけます。このインターフェイスは異なるブラウザバックエンドを透過的に使えるようにし、クロスブラウザ・クロスプラットフォームの自動化を可能にします。
Seleniumのセットアップは、他の商用ツールのセットアップとはかなり異なります。 Seleniumコードの記述を開始する前に、次のことを行う必要があります 選択した言語、つまりブラウザーの言語バインディングライブラリをインストールします 使用したい、そのブラウザのドライバ。
以下のリンクをたどって、Selenium WebDriverを起動してください。
ローコード/録音および再生ツールから始めたい場合は、確認してください Selenium IDE
物事がうまくいったら、テストをスケールアップしたい場合は、Selenium Grid.
最初にあなたの自動化プロジェクトにSeleniumのバインディングをインストールする必要があります。 インストールの方法は選択した言語によって異なります。
サポートされている最小のJavaバージョンを表示する ここ.
Java用のSeleniumライブラリのインストールは、ビルドツールを使用して行います。
プロジェクトの ‘pom.xml’ ファイルで依存関係を指定します:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>${selenium.version}</version>
</dependency>プロジェクトの ‘build.gradle’ ファイル内の依存関係を ’testImplementation’ として指定します:
testImplementation 'org.seleniumhq.selenium:selenium-java:4.27.0'
testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.11.3'各 Selenium バージョンでサポートされている最小 Python バージョンについては、次の場所にあります サポートされている Python バージョン オン PyPi。
Seleniumをインストールするには、いくつかの方法があります。
pip install selenium
または、ダウンロードすることもできますPyPI ソースアーカイブ (selenium-x.x.x.tar.gz) を使用してインストールします setup.py
python setup.py install
プロジェクトで使用するには、requirements.txt ファイルに追加します:
selenium==4.27.1Seleniumの各バージョンでサポートされているすべてのフレームワークのリスト で利用可能ですNuget
Seleniumのインストールにはいくつかのオプションがあります。
Install-Package Selenium.WebDriver
dotnet add package Selenium.WebDriver
プロジェクトの csprojファイルで、ItemGroup の PackageReferenceとして依存関係を指定します。:
<PackageReference Include="Selenium.WebDriver" Version="4.27.0" />その他、使用上の注意点 Visual Studio Code (vscode) そして C#
上記のセクションに従って、互換性のある .NET SDK をインストールします。
また、C# と NuGet の vscode 拡張機能 (Ctrl-Shift-X) もインストールします。に従ってください指示はこちら
C# を使用して “Hello World” コンソール プロジェクトを作成および実行します。
コマンドラインを使用してNUnitスタータープロジェクトを作成することもできます dotnet new NUnit.
ファイルを確認してください %appdata%\NuGet\nuget.config一部の開発者がいくつかの問題のために空になると報告したため、適切に構成されています。
もしnuget.configが空であるか、正しく構成されていない場合、Selenium プロジェクトの .NET ビルドは失敗します。
次のセクションをファイルに追加しますnuget.config 空の場合:
<configuration>
<packageSources>
<add key="nuget.org" value="https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json" protocolVersion="3" />
<add key="nuget.org" value="https://www.nuget.org/api/v2/" />
</packageSources>
...
詳細については、nuget.config ここをクリック.
カスタマイズする必要があるかもしれません nuget.config あなたのニーズを満たすために。
さて、戻ってください vscode、プレス Ctrl-Shift-P、およびタイプ “NuGet Add Package"をクリックし、必要な Selenium パッケージ Selenium.WebDriver.
Enter キーを押して、バージョンを選択します。
これで、C# と vscode に関連するドキュメントの例を使用できるようになりました。
特定の Selenium バージョンに対して最低限必要な Ruby のバージョンを確認できます オン rubygems.org
Seleniumは2つの異なる方法でインストールできます。
gem install selenium-webdriver
gem 'selenium-devtools', '= 0.131.0'Seleniumの特定のバージョンに最低限必要なNodeのバージョンは、Node Support Policy 節 オン npmjs
Seleniumは通常、npmを使用してインストールされます。
npm install selenium-webdriver
プロジェクトの package.jsonで、要件を dependencies:
"mocha": "10.8.2"Seleniumをインストールし、 すると、Seleniumコードを書く準備が整います。
Seleniumが行うことはすべて、ブラウザコマンドを送信して、何かを実行したり、情報の要求を送信したりすることです。 Seleniumで行うことのほとんどは、次の基本的なコマンドの組み合わせです。
[GitHub で完全な例を表示] へのリンクをクリックして、コンテキスト内のコードを表示します。
セッションの開始の詳細については、次のドキュメントをお読みください driver sessions
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();driver = webdriver.Chrome() IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome driver = await new Builder().forBrowser(Browser.CHROME).build(); driver = ChromeDriver()こちらの例では、ナビゲート してウェブページに移動しています。
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html") driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html') await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html'); driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")ブラウザに関する 情報 として、ウィンドウハンドル、ブラウザのサイズ/位置、クッキー、アラートなど、さまざまな種類のデータをリクエストできます。
driver.getTitle();title = driver.title var title = driver.Title;driver.title let title = await driver.getTitle(); val title = driver.titleコードをブラウザの現在の状態と同期させることは、最大の課題の 1 つです Seleniumを使用して、それをうまく行うことは高度なトピックです。
基本的には、要素を見つける前に、その要素がページ上にあることを確認する必要があります また、要素は、操作を試みる前に対話可能な状態にあります。
暗黙的な待機が最善の解決策になることはめったにありませんが、ここで示すのが最も簡単なので、 プレースホルダーとして使用します。
[待機戦略] についてさらに読む(https://www.selenium.dev/ja/documentation/webdriver/waits/).
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));driver.implicitly_wait(0.5) driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);driver.manage.timeouts.implicit_wait = 500 await driver.manage().setTimeouts({implicit: 500}); driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500))ほとんどのSeleniumセッションにおけるコマンドの大部分は要素に関連しており、要素を見つける ことなしにはそれと対話することができません。
WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"));
WebElement submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"));text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button") var textBox = driver.FindElement(By.Name("my-text"));
var submitButton = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button"));text_box = driver.find_element(name: 'my-text')
submit_button = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'button') let textBox = await driver.findElement(By.name('my-text'));
let submitButton = await driver.findElement(By.css('button')); var textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"))
val submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"))要素に対して行う アクションはわずかしかありませんが、それらは頻繁に使用されます。
textBox.sendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.click();text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
submit_button.click() textBox.SendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.Click();text_box.send_keys('Selenium')
submit_button.click await textBox.sendKeys('Selenium');
await submitButton.click(); textBox.sendKeys("Selenium")
submitButton.click()要素には リクエスト可能な情報 が多く保存されています。
message.getText();text = message.text var value = message.Text;message.text let value = await message.getText(); val value = message.getText()これにより、ドライバー プロセスが終了し、既定ではブラウザーも閉じます。このドライバー インスタンスにこれ以上コマンドを送信することはできません。
セッションの終了 を参照.
driver.quit();driver.quit() driver.Quit();driver.quit await driver.quit(); driver.quit()mvn exec:java -D"exec.mainClass"="dev.selenium.getting_started.FirstScript" -D"exec.classpathScope"=testpytest path/to/test_script.pyruby example_script.rbnode example_script.spec.jsほとんどのSeleniumユーザーは多くのセッションを実行し、重複を最小限に抑え、コードをより保守しやすくするために整理する必要があります。このコードをユースケースのコンテキストに配置する方法については、以下をお読みください Seleniumの使用。
一握り以上の 1 回限りのスクリプトを実行する場合は、コードを整理して操作できる必要があります。このページでは、Seleniumコードを使用して実際に生産的なことを行う方法についてのアイデアを提供します。
ほとんどの人はSeleniumを使用してWebアプリケーションの自動テストを実行します。 しかし、Seleniumはブラウザ自動化のあらゆるユースケースをサポートします。
おそらく、Webサイトにログインして何かをダウンロードするか、フォームを送信する必要があります。 Selenium スクリプトを作成して、あらかじめ設定された時間にサービスと共に実行できます。
APIがないサイトからデータを収集したいとお考えですか?セレン これを行うことができますが、Webサイトに精通していることを確認してください。 一部のWebサイトでは許可されておらず、他のWebサイトではSeleniumがブロックされることさえあります。
テストのためにSeleniumを実行するには、Seleniumが実行したアクションに対してアサーションを行う必要があります。 したがって、優れたアサーションライブラリが必要です。テストの構造を提供する追加機能 使用する必要があります Test Runner.
Seleniumコードの使用方法に関係なく、優れた統合開発環境がなければ、Seleniumコードの作成や実行はあまり効果的ではありません。一般的なオプションを次に示します…
テストにSeleniumを使用していない場合でも、高度なユースケースがある場合は、テストランナーを使用してコードをより適切に整理するのが理にかなっている場合があります。before/after フックを使用して、グループまたは並行して物事を実行できると非常に便利です。
さまざまなテストランナーが利用可能です。
このドキュメントのすべてのコード例は、 テストランナーを使用し、すべてのコードが正しく更新されていることを確認するためにリリースごとに実行されるディレクトリの例。 リンク付きのテストランナーのリストを次に示します。最初の項目は、このリポジトリで使用される項目と このページのすべての例で使用されます。
これは、で必要とされたものと非常によく似ています Seleniumライブラリのインストール。このコードは、私たちのドキュメント例プロジェクトで使用されているものの例を示しているだけです。
Maven
Gradle
プロジェクトで使用するには、requirements.txt ファイルに追加します:
プロジェクトの ‘csproj’ ファイルで、依存関係を ‘ItemGroup’ の ‘PackageReference’ として指定します:
プロジェクトの gemfile に追加
プロジェクトの ‘package.json’ で、要件を ‘dependencies’ に追加します。:
String title = driver.getTitle();
assertEquals("Web form", title); title = driver.title
assert title == "Web form" var title = driver.Title;
Assert.AreEqual("Web form", title); title = @driver.title
expect(title).to eq('Web form') let title = await driver.getTitle();
assert.equal("Web form", title); @BeforeEach
public void setup() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
} @AfterEach
public void teardown() {
driver.quit();
}def setup():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
return driverdef teardown(driver):
driver.quit() before do
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
end config.after { @driver&.quit } before(async function () {
driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
}); after(async () => await driver.quit());mvn clean test
gradle clean test
pytest path/to/test_script.pybundle exec rspecmocha runningTests.spec.js
npx mocha runningTests.spec.js
最初のスクリプトのトピックでは、Seleniumスクリプトの各コンポーネントを見ました。こちらが、テストランナーを使用したそのコードの例です。
package dev.selenium.getting_started;
import static org.junit.jupiter.api.Assertions.assertEquals;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.AfterEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class UsingSeleniumTest {
WebDriver driver;
@BeforeEach
public void setup() {
driver = new ChromeDriver();
}
@Test
public void eightComponents() {
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofMillis(500));
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
String title = driver.getTitle();
assertEquals("Web form", title);
WebElement textBox = driver.findElement(By.name("my-text"));
WebElement submitButton = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("button"));
textBox.sendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.click();
WebElement message = driver.findElement(By.id("message"));
String value = message.getText();
assertEquals("Received!", value);
}
@AfterEach
public void teardown() {
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
def test_eight_components():
driver = setup()
title = driver.title
assert title == "Web form"
driver.implicitly_wait(0.5)
text_box = driver.find_element(by=By.NAME, value="my-text")
submit_button = driver.find_element(by=By.CSS_SELECTOR, value="button")
text_box.send_keys("Selenium")
submit_button.click()
message = driver.find_element(by=By.ID, value="message")
value = message.text
assert value == "Received!"
teardown(driver)
def setup():
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html")
return driver
def teardown(driver):
driver.quit()
using System;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace SeleniumDocs.GettingStarted
{
[TestClass]
public class UsingSeleniumTest
{
[TestMethod]
public void EightComponents()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html");
var title = driver.Title;
Assert.AreEqual("Web form", title);
driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(500);
var textBox = driver.FindElement(By.Name("my-text"));
var submitButton = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button"));
textBox.SendKeys("Selenium");
submitButton.Click();
var message = driver.FindElement(By.Id("message"));
var value = message.Text;
Assert.AreEqual("Received!", value);
driver.Quit();
}
}
}# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'spec_helper'
require 'selenium-webdriver'
RSpec.describe 'Using Selenium' do
before do
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
end
it 'uses eight components' do
@driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html')
title = @driver.title
expect(title).to eq('Web form')
@driver.manage.timeouts.implicit_wait = 500
text_box = @driver.find_element(name: 'my-text')
submit_button = @driver.find_element(tag_name: 'button')
text_box.send_keys('Selenium')
submit_button.click
message = @driver.find_element(id: 'message')
value = message.text
expect(value).to eq('Received!')
end
end
const {By, Builder} = require('selenium-webdriver');
const assert = require("assert");
describe('First script', function () {
let driver;
before(async function () {
driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
});
it('First Selenium script with mocha', async function () {
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/web-form.html');
let title = await driver.getTitle();
assert.equal("Web form", title);
await driver.manage().setTimeouts({implicit: 500});
let textBox = await driver.findElement(By.name('my-text'));
let submitButton = await driver.findElement(By.css('button'));
await textBox.sendKeys('Selenium');
await submitButton.click();
let message = await driver.findElement(By.id('message'));
let value = await message.getText();
assert.equal("Received!", value);
});
after(async () => await driver.quit());
});学んだことを活かして、Seleniumコードを構築します!
必要な機能が他にも見つかったら、残りの機能をお読みください WebDriver ドキュメント.
セッションの開始と停止は、ブラウザーを開いたり閉じたりするためのものです。
新しいセッションの作成は、W3C コマンド New session に対応しています。
セッションは、新しいDriverクラスオブジェクトを初期化することによって自動的に作成されます。
各言語では、次のいずれかのクラス (または同等のもの) の引数を使用してセッションを作成することができます。
ローカルドライバーを起動するための主な一意の引数には、ローカルコンピューターで必要なドライバーサービスを起動するための情報が含まれます。
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions); driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) driver = new ChromeDriver(options); driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options)
.setChromeService(service)
.build();リモートドライバーを起動するための主な一意の引数には、コードを実行する場所に関する情報を含みます。 詳細は、リモートドライバーをご覧ください。
セッションの終了に対するW3Cコマンドは、セッションの削除です。
重要: quit メソッドは close メソッドとは異なり、
セッションを終了するには常に quit を使用することをお勧めします。
driver.quit(); driver.quit() driver.Quit(); driver.quit await driver.quit(); driver.quit()Selenium 3 では、Capabilitiesは Desired Capabilities クラスを使用してセッションで定義していました。 Selenium 4 以降、ブラウザ オプション クラスを使用する必要があります。 リモート ドライバー セッションの場合、使用するブラウザーを決めるため、ブラウザーオプションインスタンスが必要です。
これらのオプションは、Capabilities の w3c仕様で説明しています。
各ブラウザには、w3c仕様で定義しているものに加えて定義可能な カスタム オプション があります。
オプションクラスのインスタンスを使用すると、ブラウザ名はデフォルトで設定されます。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
String name = chromeOptions.getBrowserName(); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
assert options.capabilities['browserName'] == 'chrome' options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chromeこの機能はオプションであり、リモート側で使用可能なブラウザのバージョンを設定するために使用されます。最近のSeleniumのバージョンでは、システムにバージョンが見つからない場合、Selenium Manager によって自動的にダウンロードされます。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
String version = "latest";
chromeOptions.setBrowserVersion(version); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.browser_version = 'stable'
assert options.capabilities['browserVersion'] == 'stable' options.browser_version = 'latest'3種類のページ読み込み戦略を利用できます。
ページ読み込み戦略は、次の表で説明しています。
| 戦略 | 準備完了状態 | 注釈 |
|---|---|---|
| normal | complete | デフォルトで使用され、すべてのリソースをダウンロードするのを待ちます |
| eager | interactive | DOM アクセスの準備は整っていますが、画像などの他のリソースはまだロード中の可能性があります |
| none | Any | WebDriver をまったくブロックしません |
ドキュメントの document.readyState プロパティは、現在のドキュメントの読み込み状態を示します。
URL 経由で新しいページに移動する場合、デフォルトでは、WebDriver は、ドキュメントの準備完了状態が完了するまで、 ナビゲーション メソッド (driver.navigate().get() など) の完了を保留します。 これは必ずしもページの読み込みが完了したことを意味するわけではありません。 特に、Ready State が完了した後に JavaScript を使用してコンテンツを動的に読み込むシングル ページ アプリケーションのようなサイトの場合はそうです。 また、この動作は、要素のクリックまたはフォームの送信の結果であるナビゲーションには適用されないことに注意してください。
自動化にとって重要ではないアセット (画像、css、js など) をダウンロードした結果、ページの読み込みに時間がかかる場合は、
デフォルトのパラメーターである normal を eager または none に変更して、セッションの読み込みを高速化できます。
この値はセッション全体に適用されるため、 待機戦略
が不安定さを最小限に抑えるのに十分であることを確認してください。
WebDriver は load イベント検知するまで待機します。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.page_load_strategy = 'normal'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace pageLoadStrategy {
class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.Normal;
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
} options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :normal let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('normal'))
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
await driver.quit();import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
fun main() {
val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NORMAL)
val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
try {
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
}
finally {
driver.quit()
}
}WebDriver は、DOMContentLoaded イベントを検知するまで待機します。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.page_load_strategy = 'eager'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace pageLoadStrategy {
class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.Eager;
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
} options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :eager let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('eager'))
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
await driver.quit();import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
fun main() {
val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.EAGER)
val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
try {
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
}
finally {
driver.quit()
}
}WebDriver は、最初のページがダウンロードされるまで待機します。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.page_load_strategy = 'none'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace pageLoadStrategy {
class pageLoadStrategy {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
var chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.PageLoadStrategy = PageLoadStrategy.None;
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(chromeOptions);
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
} options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.page_load_strategy = :none let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.setPageLoadStrategy('none'))
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
await driver.quit();import org.openqa.selenium.PageLoadStrategy
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
fun main() {
val chromeOptions = ChromeOptions()
chromeOptions.setPageLoadStrategy(PageLoadStrategy.NONE)
val driver = ChromeDriver(chromeOptions)
try {
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
}
finally {
driver.quit()
}
}これにより、リモートエンドのオペレーティングシステムが識別され、 platformName を取得するとOS名が返されます。
クラウドベースのプロバイダーでは、 platformName を設定すると、リモートエンドのOSが設定されます。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
String platform = "OS X 10.6";
chromeOptions.setPlatformName(platform); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.platform_name = 'any'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
options.platform_name = 'Windows 10'この機能は、セッション中のナビゲーション中に、期限切れ（または）無効な TLS証明書 が使用されているかどうかを確認します。
機能が false に設定されている場合、ナビゲーションでドメイン証明書の問題が発生すると、
insecure certificate error が返されます。
true に設定すると、無効な証明書はブラウザーによって信頼されます。
すべての自己署名証明書は、デフォルトでこの機能によって信頼されます。
一度設定すると、 acceptInsecureCerts Capabilityはセッション全体に影響します。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setAcceptInsecureCerts(true); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.accept_insecure_certs = True
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.accept_insecure_certs = true let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.setAcceptInsecureCerts(true))
.build();WebDriverの セッション には特定の セッションタイムアウト 間隔が設定されており、
その間、ユーザーはスクリプトの実行またはブラウザーからの情報の取得の動作を制御できます。
各セッションタイムアウトは、以下で説明するように、異なる タイムアウト の組み合わせで構成されます。
現在のブラウジングコンテキストで実行中のスクリプトをいつ中断するかを指定します。 新しいセッションがWebDriverによって作成されると、デフォルトのタイムアウト 30,000 が課されます。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
chromeOptions.setScriptTimeout(duration); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.timeouts = { 'script': 5000 }
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.timeouts = {script: 40_000}現在のブラウジングコンテキストでWebページをロードする必要がある時間間隔を指定します。 新しいセッションがWebDriverによって作成されると、デフォルトのタイムアウト 300,000 が課されます。 ページの読み込みが指定/デフォルトの時間枠を制限する場合、スクリプトは TimeoutException によって停止されます。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
chromeOptions.setPageLoadTimeout(duration); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.timeouts = { 'pageLoad': 5000 }
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.timeouts = {page_load: 400_000}これは、要素を検索するときに暗黙的な要素の検索戦略を待つ時間を指定します。 新しいセッションがWebDriverによって作成されると、デフォルトのタイムアウト 0 が課されます。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
Duration duration = Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS);
chromeOptions.setImplicitWaitTimeout(duration); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.timeouts = { 'implicit': 5000 }
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.timeouts = {implicit: 1}現在のセッションの ユーザープロンプトハンドラー の状態を指定します。
デフォルトでは、 dismiss and notify (却下して通知する) 状態 となります。
これは、リモートエンドでユーザープロンプトが表示されたときに実行する必要があるアクションを定義します。
これは、 unhandledPromptBehavior Capabilityによって定義され、次の状態があります。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setUnhandledPromptBehaviour(UnexpectedAlertBehaviour.DISMISS_AND_NOTIFY); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.unhandled_prompt_behavior = 'accept'
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.unhandled_prompt_behavior = :acceptリモート エンドがすべての サイズ変更および再配置 コマンド をサポートするかどうかを示します。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setCapability(CapabilityType.SET_WINDOW_RECT, true); options = webdriver.FirefoxOptions()
options.set_window_rect = True # Full support in Firefox
driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options) options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
options.set_window_rect = trueこの新しいcapabilityは、厳密な相互作用チェックを input type = file 要素に適用する必要があるかどうかを示します。 厳密な相互作用チェックはデフォルトでオフになっているため、隠しファイルのアップロードコントロールで Element Send Keys を使用する場合の動作が変更されます。
ChromeOptions chromeOptions = new ChromeOptions();
chromeOptions.setCapability(CapabilityType.STRICT_FILE_INTERACTABILITY, true); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.strict_file_interactability = True
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.strict_file_interactability = trueプロキシサーバーは、クライアントとサーバー間の要求の仲介役として機能します。 簡単に言えば、トラフィックはプロキシサーバーを経由して、要求したアドレスに戻り、戻ってきます。
Seleniumを使用した自動化スクリプト用のプロキシサーバーは、
企業環境でブラウザがURLへの接続に失敗した場合、環境にアクセスするにはプロキシが必要であることが原因であることが最も可能性が高いです。
Selenium WebDriverは設定をプロキシする方法を提供します。
import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
public class ProxyTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.setHttpProxy("<HOST:PORT>");
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setCapability("proxy", proxy);
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.get("https://www.google.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.quit();
}
}
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.proxy = Proxy({ 'proxyType': ProxyType.MANUAL, 'httpProxy' : 'http.proxy:1234'})
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
public class ProxyTest{
public static void Main() {
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
Proxy proxy = new Proxy();
proxy.Kind = ProxyKind.Manual;
proxy.IsAutoDetect = false;
proxy.SslProxy = "<HOST:PORT>";
options.Proxy = proxy;
options.AddArgument("ignore-certificate-errors");
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver(options);
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
}
}
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
options.proxy = Selenium::WebDriver::Proxy.new(http: 'myproxy.com:8080')let webdriver = require('selenium-webdriver');
let chrome = require('selenium-webdriver/chrome');
let proxy = require('selenium-webdriver/proxy');
let opts = new chrome.Options();
(async function example() {
opts.setProxy(proxy.manual({http: '<HOST:PORT>'}));
let driver = new webdriver.Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.setChromeOptions(opts)
.build();
try {
await driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
}());
import org.openqa.selenium.Proxy
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions
class proxyTest {
fun main() {
val proxy = Proxy()
proxy.setHttpProxy("<HOST:PORT>")
val options = ChromeOptions()
options.setCapability("proxy", proxy)
val driver: WebDriver = ChromeDriver(options)
driver["https://www.google.com/"]
driver.manage().window().maximize()
driver.quit()
}
}
これにより、HTTPライブラリのさまざまなパラメーターを設定できます。
package dev.selenium.drivers;
import dev.selenium.BaseTest;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.http.ClientConfig;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.BeforeEach;
import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeOptions;
import org.openqa.selenium.remote.RemoteWebDriver;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManager;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
import javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.net.URL;
import java.nio.file.Path;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.time.Duration;
import org.openqa.selenium.UsernameAndPassword;
import static java.net.http.HttpClient.Version.HTTP_1_1;
public class HttpClientTest extends BaseTest {
URL gridUrl;
@BeforeEach
public void startGrid() {
gridUrl = startStandaloneGridAdvanced();
}
@Test
public void remoteWebDriverWithClientConfig() throws Exception {
ClientConfig clientConfig = ClientConfig.defaultConfig()
.withRetries()
.sslContext(createSSLContextWithCA(Path.of("src/test/resources/tls.crt").toAbsolutePath().toString()))
.connectionTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(300))
.readTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(3600))
.authenticateAs(new UsernameAndPassword("admin", "myStrongPassword"))
.version(HTTP_1_1.toString());
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setEnableDownloads(true);
driver = RemoteWebDriver.builder()
.oneOf(options)
.address(gridUrl)
.config(clientConfig)
.build();
driver.quit();
}
@Test
public void remoteWebDriverIgnoreSSL() throws Exception {
ClientConfig clientConfig = ClientConfig.defaultConfig()
.withRetries()
.sslContext(createIgnoreSSLContext())
.connectionTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(300))
.readTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(3600))
.authenticateAs(new UsernameAndPassword("admin", "myStrongPassword"))
.version(HTTP_1_1.toString());
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setEnableDownloads(true);
driver = RemoteWebDriver.builder()
.oneOf(options)
.address(gridUrl)
.config(clientConfig)
.build();
driver.quit();
}
public static SSLContext createSSLContextWithCA(String caCertPath) throws Exception {
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(caCertPath);
CertificateFactory cf = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X.509");
X509Certificate caCert = (X509Certificate) cf.generateCertificate(fis);
KeyStore keyStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
keyStore.load(null, null);
keyStore.setCertificateEntry("caCert", caCert);
TrustManagerFactory tmf = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
tmf.init(keyStore);
SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
sslContext.init(null, tmf.getTrustManagers(), null);
return sslContext;
}
public static SSLContext createIgnoreSSLContext() throws Exception {
TrustManager[] trustAllCerts = new TrustManager[]{
new X509TrustManager() {
public X509Certificate[] getAcceptedIssuers() {
return null;
}
public void checkClientTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
}
public void checkServerTrusted(X509Certificate[] certs, String authType) {
}
}
};
SSLContext sslContext = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
sslContext.init(null, trustAllCerts, new java.security.SecureRandom());
return sslContext;
}
}
import os
import pytest
import sys
from urllib3.util import Retry, Timeout
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import Proxy
from selenium.webdriver.common.proxy import ProxyType
from selenium.webdriver.remote.client_config import ClientConfig
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote_with_client_config(grid_server):
proxy = Proxy({"proxyType": ProxyType.AUTODETECT})
retries = Retry(connect=2, read=2, redirect=2)
timeout = Timeout(connect=300, read=3600)
client_config = ClientConfig(remote_server_addr=grid_server,
proxy=proxy,
init_args_for_pool_manager={
"init_args_for_pool_manager": {"retries": retries, "timeout": timeout}},
ca_certs=_get_resource_path("tls.crt"),
username="admin", password="myStrongPassword")
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=grid_server, options=options, client_config=client_config)
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
driver.quit()
@pytest.mark.skipif(sys.platform == "win32", reason="Gets stuck on Windows, passes locally")
def test_start_remote_ignore_certs(grid_server):
proxy = Proxy({"proxyType": ProxyType.AUTODETECT})
client_config = ClientConfig(remote_server_addr=grid_server,
proxy=proxy,
timeout=3600,
ignore_certificates=True,
username="admin", password="myStrongPassword")
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=grid_server, options=options, client_config=client_config)
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
driver.quit()
def _get_resource_path(file_name: str):
if os.path.abspath("").endswith("tests"):
path = os.path.abspath(f"resources/{file_name}")
else:
path = os.path.abspath(f"tests/resources/{file_name}")
return path
client = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Http::Default.new(open_timeout: 30, read_timeout: 30)
expect(client.open_timeout).to eq 30サービスクラスは、ドライバーの起動と停止を管理するためのものです。リモートWebDriverセッションでは使用できません。
サービスクラスを使用すると、ドライバーに関する情報（場所や使用するポートなど）を指定できます。また、コマンドラインに渡される引数を指定することもできます。便利な引数のほとんどは、ログに関連しています。
デフォルトサービスインスタンスを使用してドライバーを起動するには：
ChromeDriverService service = new ChromeDriverService.Builder().build();
driver = new ChromeDriver(service); service = webdriver.ChromeService()
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service) var service = ChromeDriverService.CreateDefaultService();
driver = new ChromeDriver(service); service = Selenium::WebDriver::Service.chrome
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, service: service注意: Selenium 4.6以上を使用している場合、ドライバーの場所を設定する必要はありません。Seleniumを更新できない場合や、特別な使用ケースがある場合は、ドライバーの場所を指定する方法は次のとおりです：
ChromeDriverService service =
new ChromeDriverService.Builder().usingDriverExecutable(driverPath).build(); service = webdriver.ChromeService(executable_path=chromedriver_bin) var service = ChromeDriverService.CreateDefaultService(GetDriverLocation(options));ドライバーを特定のポートで実行したい場合は、次のように指定できます：
ChromeDriverService service = new ChromeDriverService.Builder().usingPort(1234).build(); service.Port = 1234;ログ記録機能はブラウザによって異なります。ほとんどのブラウザでは、ログの場所とレベルを指定できます。各ブラウザのページを確認してください：
Seleniumは、リモートコンピュータ上でブラウザを自動化することができます。これには、リモートコンピュータ上で Selenium Grid が実行されている必要があります。コードを実行するコンピュータはクライアントコンピュータと呼ばれ、ブラウザとドライバーがあるコンピュータはリモートコンピュータまたは時々エンドノードと呼ばれます。Seleniumテストをリモートコンピュータに向けるには、Remote WebDriverクラスを使用し、そのマシンのグリッドのポートを含むURLを渡す必要があります。グリッドの設定方法については、グリッドのドキュメントを参照してください。
ドライバーは、コマンドを送信する場所と、リモートコンピュータ上で開始するブラウザを知る必要があります。そのため、アドレスとオプションインスタンスの両方が必要です。
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(gridUrl, options); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options) var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options); options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: optionsファイルのアップロード は、リモートWebDriverセッションではより複雑です。アップロードしたいファイルはコードを実行しているコンピュータ上にあることが多いですが、リモートコンピュータ上のドライバーはそのローカルファイルシステム上で指定されたパスを探しています。この解決策として、ローカルファイルディテクターを使用します。これを設定すると、Seleniumはファイルをパッケージ化し、リモートマシンに送信するため、ドライバーはその参照を認識できるようになります。一部のバインディングでは、デフォルトで基本的なローカルファイルディテクターが含まれており、すべてのバインディングでカスタムファイルディテクターを設定できます。
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).setFileDetector(new LocalFileDetector());
WebElement fileInput = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());
driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click();Pythonでは、リモートWebDriverインスタンスにデフォルトでローカルファイルディテクターが追加されますが、独自のクラスを作成することも可能です。
driver.file_detector = LocalFileDetector()
file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click() ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).FileDetector = new LocalFileDetector();
IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click(); driver.file_detector = ->((filename, *)) { filename.include?('selenium') && filename }
file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').clickChrome、Edge、およびFirefoxでは、それぞれダウンロードディレクトリの場所を設定できます。 ただし、リモートコンピュータでこれを行う場合、その場所はリモートコンピュータのローカルファイルシステム上にあります。Seleniumを使用すると、クライアントコンピュータにこれらのファイルをダウンロードできるように設定することが可能です。
クライアントに関係なく、ノードまたはスタンドアロンモードでグリッドを起動する際には、次のフラグを追加する必要があります:
--enable-managed-downloads true
グリッドは、se:downloadsEnabled 機能を使用して、ブラウザの場所を管理する責任を持つかどうかを切り替えます。各バインディングには、これを設定するためのオプションクラスのメソッドがあります。
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
options.setEnableDownloads(true);
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(gridUrl, options); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.enable_downloads = True
driver = webdriver.Remote(command_executor=server, options=options) ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions
{
EnableDownloads = true
};
driver = new RemoteWebDriver(GridUrl, options); options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome(enable_downloads: true)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: grid_url, options: optionsSeleniumはファイルのダウンロードが完了するのを待たないため、リストは指定されたセッションのディレクトリに現在存在するファイル名の即時スナップショットであることに注意してください。
List<String> files = ((HasDownloads) driver).getDownloadableFiles(); files = driver.get_downloadable_files() IReadOnlyList<string> names = ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).GetDownloadableFiles(); files = driver.downloadable_filesSeleniumは、提供されたファイルの名前をリストの中で探し、指定されたターゲットディレクトリにダウンロードします。
((HasDownloads) driver).downloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory); driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory) ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DownloadFile(downloadableFile, targetDirectory); driver.download_file(downloadable_file, target_directory)デフォルトでは、ダウンロードディレクトリは該当するセッションの終了時に削除されますが、セッション中にすべてのファイルを削除することもできます。
((HasDownloads) driver).deleteDownloadableFiles(); driver.delete_downloadable_files() ((RemoteWebDriver)driver).DeleteDownloadableFiles(); driver.delete_downloadable_files各 ブラウザ は、そのブラウザにのみ利用可能な特別な機能を実装しています。各Seleniumバインディングは、リモートセッションでそれらの機能を使用するための異なる方法を実装しています。
Javaでは、Augmenterクラスを使用する必要があります。これにより、RemoteWebDriverで使用される機能に一致するすべてのインターフェースの実装を自動的に取り込むことができます。
driver = new Augmenter().augment(driver);興味深いことに、RemoteWebDriverBuilderを使用すると、ドライバーが自動的に拡張されるため、デフォルトで全ての機能を取得するのに最適な方法です。
RemoteWebDriver.builder()
.address(gridUrl)
.oneOf(new ChromeOptions())
.setCapability("ext:options", Map.of("key", "value"))
.config(ClientConfig.defaultConfig())
.build(); var customCommandDriver = driver as ICustomDriverCommandExecutor;
customCommandDriver.RegisterCustomDriverCommands(FirefoxDriver.CustomCommandDefinitions);
var screenshotResponse = customCommandDriver
.ExecuteCustomDriverCommand(FirefoxDriver.GetFullPageScreenshotCommand, null);この機能は、Java クライアント バインディング (ベータ版以降) でのみ利用できます。 Remote WebDriver クライアントは Selenium Grid サーバーにリクエストを送信し、 Selenium Grid サーバーはリクエストを WebDriver に渡します。 HTTP リクエストをエンド ツー エンドでトレースするには、サーバー側とクライアント側でトレースを有効にする必要があります。 両端には、視覚化フレームワークを指すトレース エクスポーターのセットアップが必要です。 デフォルトでは、トレースはクライアントとサーバーの両方で有効になっています。 視覚化フレームワークの Jaeger UI と Selenium Grid 4 を設定するには、目的のバージョンの トレースのセットアップ を参照してください。
クライアント側のセットアップについては、以下の手順に従ってください。
トレーシング エクスポーターの外部ライブラリのインストールは、Maven を使って実行できます。 プロジェクト pom.xml に opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger および grpc-netty の依存関係を追加します。
<dependency>
<groupId>io.opentelemetry</groupId>
<artifactId>opentelemetry-exporter-jaeger</artifactId>
<version>1.0.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>io.grpc</groupId>
<artifactId>grpc-netty</artifactId>
<version>1.35.0</version>
</dependency>
System.setProperty("otel.traces.exporter", "jaeger");
System.setProperty("otel.exporter.jaeger.endpoint", "http://localhost:14250");
System.setProperty("otel.resource.attributes", "service.name=selenium-java-client");
ImmutableCapabilities capabilities = new ImmutableCapabilities("browserName", "chrome");
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://www.example.com"), capabilities);
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
driver.quit();
ご希望のSeleniumのバージョンに必要な外部依存関係のバージョンの詳細については、 トレースのセットアップ を参照してください。
詳細については、下記URLを参照してください。
各ブラウザにはカスタム機能とユニークな特徴があります。
これらは、Google Chromeブラウザに特有の機能と機能です。 デフォルトでは、Selenium 4はChrome v75以上と互換性があります。Chromeブラウザのバージョンとchromedriverのバージョンは、メジャーバージョンが一致する必要があることに注意してください。
すべてのブラウザに共通する機能は オプション ページに記載されています。
ChromeおよびChromiumに特有の機能は、Googleの Capabilities & ChromeOptionsのページにドキュメントされています。
基本的に定義されたオプションでChromeセッションを開始する場合は、次のようになります：
ChromeOptions options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new ChromeDriver(options); options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options) var options = new ChromeOptions();
driver = new ChromeDriver(options); options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.chrome
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome, options: options const Options = new Chrome.Options();
let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(Options)
.build();args パラメータは、ブラウザを起動する際に使用するコマンドラインスイッチのリストです。これらの引数を調査するための優れたリソースが2つあります：
一般的に使用されるargsには以下が含まれます：--start-maximized, --headless=new and --user-data-dir=...
オプションに引数を追加：
options.addArguments("--start-maximized"); options.add_argument("--start-maximized") options.AddArgument("--start-maximized"); options.args << '--start-maximized' let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.addArguments('--headless=new'))
.build();binaryパラメーターは、使用するブラウザの別のロケーションのパスを取ります。
このパラメーターを使用すると、chromedriver を使用して、さまざまな Chromium ベースのブラウザを駆動できます。
オプションにブラウザのロケーションを追加します。
options.setBinary(getChromeLocation()); options.binary_location = chrome_bin options.BinaryLocation = GetChromeLocation(); options.binary = chrome_location let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.setChromeBinaryPath(`Path to chrome binary`))
.build();extensions パラメーターはcrxファイルを受け入れます
The extensions パラメータはcrxファイルを受け入れます。解凍されたディレクトリについては、代わりに load-extension 引数を使用してください。この投稿で述べたように。
オプションに拡張機能を追加します。
options.addExtensions(extensionFilePath); options.add_extension(extension_file_path) options.AddExtension(extensionFilePath); options.add_extension(extension_file_path) const options = new Chrome.Options();
let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.addExtensions(['./test/resources/extensions/webextensions-selenium-example.crx']))
.build();detach パラメータをtrueに設定すると、ドライバープロセスが終了した後もブラウザを開いたままにできます。
注意: これはすでにJavaのデフォルトの動作です。
options.add_experimental_option("detach", True)注意: これはすでに.NETのデフォルトの動作です。
options.detach = true let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.detachDriver(true))
.build();Chrome はさまざまな引数を追加します。
これらの引数を追加したくない場合は、それらを excludeSwitches に渡します。
一般的な例は、ポップアップブロッカーをオンに設定することです。
デフォルトの引数の完全なリストは、 Chromium Source Codeから解析できます。
オプションに除外された引数を設定します。
options.setExperimentalOption("excludeSwitches", List.of("disable-popup-blocking")); options.add_experimental_option('excludeSwitches', ['disable-popup-blocking']) options.AddExcludedArgument("disable-popup-blocking"); options.exclude_switches << 'disable-popup-blocking' let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.CHROME)
.setChromeOptions(options.excludeSwitches('enable-automation'))
.build();デフォルトのServiceオブジェクトを作成するための例や、ドライバーの場所とポートを設定する方法は、Driver Serviceページにあります。
ドライバーログを取得することは、問題のデバッグに役立ちます。Serviceクラスを使用すると、ログの出力先を指定できます。ユーザーがどこかにログを指示しない限り、ログ出力は無視されます。
ログ出力を特定のファイルに保存するように変更するには：
ChromeDriverService service =
new ChromeDriverService.Builder().withLogFile(logLocation).build();注意: Javaでは、システムプロパティによってファイル出力を設定することもできます：
プロパティキー: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
プロパティ値: ログファイルへのパスを表す文字列
service.LogPath = GetLogLocation();ログ出力をコンソールにSTDOUTとして表示するように変更するには：
ChromeDriverService service =
new ChromeDriverService.Builder().withLogOutput(System.out).build();注意: Javaでは、システムプロパティによってコンソール出力を設定することもできます。
プロパティキー: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
プロパティ値: DriverService.LOG_STDOUT または DriverService.LOG_STDERR
service = webdriver.ChromeService(log_output=subprocess.STDOUT)利用可能なログレベルは6つあります：ALL, DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, SEVERE, そして OFF。--verbose は --log-level=ALL と同等であり、--silent は --log-level=OFFと同等であることに注意してください。このため、この例ではログレベルを一般的に設定しています：
ChromeDriverService service =
new ChromeDriverService.Builder().withLogLevel(ChromiumDriverLogLevel.DEBUG).build();注意: Javaでは、システムプロパティによってログレベルを設定することもできます：
プロパティキー: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_LOG_LEVEL_PROPERTY
プロパティ値: ChromiumDriverLogLevel 列挙型の文字列表現
service = webdriver.ChromeService(service_args=['--log-level=DEBUG'], log_output=subprocess.STDOUT)ファイルにログを記録する際にのみ利用できる2つの機能があります：
これらを使用するには、ログパスとログレベルも明示的に指定する必要があります。ログ出力はプロセスではなくドライバーによって管理されるため、若干の違いが見られる場合があります。
ChromeDriverService service =
new ChromeDriverService.Builder().withAppendLog(true).withReadableTimestamp(true).build();注意: Javaでは、これらの機能をシステムプロパティによって切り替えることもできます：
プロパティキー: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_APPEND_LOG_PROPERTY およびChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_READABLE_TIMESTAMP
プロパティ値: "true" または "false"
service = webdriver.ChromeService(service_args=['--append-log', '--readable-timestamp'], log_output=log_path) service.args << '--append-log'
service.args << '--readable-timestamp'ChromedriverとChromeブラウザのバージョンは一致する必要があり、一致しない場合、ドライバーはエラーを返します。ビルドチェックを無効にすると、任意のバージョンのChromeでドライバーを強制的に使用できます。ただし、これはサポートされていない機能であり、バグは調査されません。
ChromeDriverService service =
new ChromeDriverService.Builder().withBuildCheckDisabled(true).build();注意: Javaでは、システムプロパティによってビルドチェックを無効にすることもできます：
プロパティキー: ChromeDriverService.CHROME_DRIVER_DISABLE_BUILD_CHECK
プロパティ値: "true" または "false"
service = webdriver.ChromeService(service_args=['--disable-build-check'], log_output=subprocess.STDOUT) service.DisableBuildCheck = true;一部のブラウザは、それぞれに特有の追加機能を実装しています。
Chrome Castデバイスを操作することができ、タブの共有も含まれます。
List<Map<String, String>> sinks = driver.getCastSinks();
if (!sinks.isEmpty()) {
String sinkName = sinks.get(0).get("name");
driver.startTabMirroring(sinkName);
driver.stopCasting(sinkName);
} sinks = driver.get_sinks()
if sinks:
sink_name = sinks[0]['name']
driver.start_tab_mirroring(sink_name)
driver.stop_casting(sink_name) sinks = @driver.cast_sinks
unless sinks.empty?
device_name = sinks.first['name']
@driver.start_cast_tab_mirroring(device_name)
expect { @driver.stop_casting(device_name) }.not_to raise_exception
endさまざまなネットワークの状態をシミュレートできます。
以下の例はローカルWebDriver用です。リモートWebDriverについては、リモートWebDriverページを参照してください。
ChromiumNetworkConditions networkConditions = new ChromiumNetworkConditions();
networkConditions.setOffline(false);
networkConditions.setLatency(java.time.Duration.ofMillis(20)); // 20 ms of latency
networkConditions.setDownloadThroughput(2000 * 1024 / 8); // 2000 kbps
networkConditions.setUploadThroughput(2000 * 1024 / 8); // 2000 kbps
((ChromeDriver) driver).setNetworkConditions(networkConditions); network_conditions = {
"offline": False,
"latency": 20, # 20 ms of latency
"download_throughput": 2000 * 1024 / 8, # 2000 kbps
"upload_throughput": 2000 * 1024 / 8, # 2000 kbps
}
driver.set_network_conditions(**network_conditions) @driver.network_conditions = {offline: false, latency: 100, throughput: 200} LogEntries logs = driver.manage().logs().get(LogType.BROWSER); logs = driver.get_log("browser") logs = @driver.logs.get(:browser) driver.setPermission("camera", "denied"); driver.set_permissions('camera', 'denied') @driver.add_permission('camera', 'denied')
@driver.add_permissions('clipboard-read' => 'denied', 'clipboard-write' => 'prompt')Chromeデベロッパーツールの使用に関する詳細については、[Chromeデベロッパー ツール] セクションを参照してください。
Microsoft EdgeはChromiumで実装されており、サポートされている最も古いバージョンはv79です。 Chromeと同様に、edgedriverのメジャー バージョン番号は、Edgeブラウザのメジャーバージョンと一致する必要があります。
Chromeページ にあるすべての機能とオプションは、Edgeでも機能します。
すべてのブラウザに共通する機能はオプション ページに記載されています。
Chromiumに特有の機能は、GoogleのCapabilities & ChromeOptionsページに文書化されています。
基本的な定義済みオプションを使用して Edgeセッションを開始すると、次のようになります。
public void basicOptions() {
EdgeOptions options = new EdgeOptions(); options = webdriver.EdgeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Edge(options=options) var options = new EdgeOptions();
driver = new EdgeDriver(options); options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.edge
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :edge, options: options let options = new edge.Options();
driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.EDGE)
.setEdgeOptions(options)
.build();args パラメータは、ブラウザを起動する際に使用されるコマンドラインスイッチのリストです。これらの引数を調査するための優れたリソースが2つあります：
一般的に使用される引数には、--start-maximized および --headless=new が含まれます。 and --user-data-dir=...
オプションに引数を追加します。
options.add_argument("--start-maximized") options.AddArgument("--start-maximized"); options.args << '--start-maximized' .setEdgeOptions(options.addArguments('--headless=new'))binary パラメータは、使用するブラウザの代替位置のパスを指定します。このパラメータを使用すると、chromedriverを利用してさまざまなChromiumベースのブラウザを操作できます。
オプションにブラウザの場所を追加する：
options.binary_location = edge_bin options.BinaryLocation = GetEdgeLocation(); options.binary = edge_locationextensions パラメータは、crxファイルを受け入れます。展開されたディレクトリについては、load-extension 引数を使用してください。このことはこの投稿で言及されています。
オプションに拡張機能を追加する：
options.add_extension(extension_file_path) options.AddExtension(extensionFilePath); options.add_extension(extension_file_path) .setEdgeOptions(options.addExtensions(['./test/resources/extensions/webextensions-selenium-example.crx']))detach パラメータをtrue に設定すると、プロセスが終了した後でもブラウザが開いたままになります。ただし、quit コマンドがドライバーに送信されない限り、ブラウザは開いたままになります。
注意: これはすでにJavaのデフォルトの動作です。
options.add_experimental_option("detach", True)注意: これはすでに.NETのデフォルトの動作です。
options.detach = true .setEdgeOptions(options.detachDriver(true))MSEdgedriverには、ブラウザを起動するために使用されるいくつかのデフォルト引数があります。それらの引数を追加したくない場合は、excludeSwitchesに渡してください。一般的な例は、ポップアップブロッカーを再度オンにすることです。デフォルト引数の完全なリストはChromium Source Codeから解析できます。
オプションに除外された引数を設定する:
options.add_experimental_option('excludeSwitches', ['disable-popup-blocking']) options.AddExcludedArgument("disable-popup-blocking"); options.exclude_switches << 'disable-popup-blocking' .setEdgeOptions(options.excludeSwitches('enable-automation'))デフォルトのサービスオブジェクトを作成するための例や、ドライバの場所とポートを設定する例は、Driver Service ページにあります。
ドライバのログを取得することは、問題をデバッグするのに役立ちます。サービスクラスを使用すると、ログの出力先を指定できます。ユーザーがどこかにログを指示しない限り、ログ出力は無視されます。
特定のファイルに保存するようにログ出力を変更するには、以下のようにします:
File logLocation = getTempFile("logsToFile", ".log");注意: Javaでもシステムプロパティを使用してファイル出力を設定できます:
プロパティキー: EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
プロパティ値: ログファイルのパスを表す文字列
service = webdriver.EdgeService(log_output=log_path) service.LogPath = GetLogLocation();ログ出力をコンソールにSTDOUTとして表示するには:
注: Javaでは、システムプロパティを使用してコンソール出力を設定することもできます。
プロパティキー: EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
プロパティ値:DriverService.LOG_STDOUT または DriverService.LOG_STDERR
service = webdriver.EdgeService(log_output=subprocess.STDOUT)利用可能なログレベルは6つあります：ALL, DEBUG, INFO, WARNING, SEVEREおよび OFF。--verbose は --log-level=ALL と同等であり、--silent は--log-level=OFFと同等です。したがって、この例ではログレベルを一般的に設定しています：
EdgeDriverService service =注意: Javaでは、システムプロパティを使用してログレベルを設定することもできます：
プロパティキー: EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_LOG_LEVEL_PROPERTY
プロパティ値:ChromiumDriverLogLevel 列挙型の文字列表現
service = webdriver.EdgeService(service_args=['--log-level=DEBUG'], log_output=log_path)ファイルにログを記録する際にのみ利用可能な2つの機能があります：
これらを使用するには、ログパスとログレベルも明示的に指定する必要があります。ログ出力はプロセスではなくドライバによって管理されるため、若干の違いが見られることがあります。
EdgeDriverService service =注意: Javaでは、これらの機能をSystem Propertyによって切り替えることもできます：
プロパティキー:EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_APPEND_LOG_PROPERTY および EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_READABLE_TIMESTAMP
プロパティ値: "true" または "false"
service = webdriver.EdgeService(service_args=['--append-log', '--readable-timestamp'], log_output=log_path) service.args << '--append-log'
service.args << '--readable-timestamp'Edge ブラウザとmsedgedriverのバージョンは一致する必要があり、一致しない場合はドライバにエラーが表示されます。ビルドチェックを無効にすると、任意のバージョンのEdgeでドライバを強制的に使用できます。 この機能はサポートされていないことに注意してください。バグは調査されません。
EdgeDriverService service =注: Javaでは、システムプロパティを使用してビルドチェックを無効にすることもできます：
プロパティキー:EdgeDriverService.EDGE_DRIVER_DISABLE_BUILD_CHECK
プロパティ値: "true" または "false"
service = webdriver.EdgeService(service_args=['--disable-build-check'], log_output=log_path) service.DisableBuildCheck = true;Microsoft Edge は、Internet Explorer ドライバークラスを Microsoft Edgeと組み合わせて使用する “Internet Explorer 互換モード"で動かすことができます。 詳細については、Internet Explorerページを参照してください。
一部のブラウザは、それぞれ特有の追加機能を実装しています。
Edge を使用して Chrome Cast デバイスを操作し、タブを共有することができます。
List<Map<String, String>> sinks = driver.getCastSinks();
if (!sinks.isEmpty()) {
String sinkName = sinks.get(0).get("name");
driver.startTabMirroring(sinkName);
driver.stopCasting(sinkName);
} sinks = driver.get_sinks()
if sinks:
sink_name = sinks[0]['name']
driver.start_tab_mirroring(sink_name)
driver.stop_casting(sink_name) sinks = @driver.cast_sinks
unless sinks.empty?
device_name = sinks.first['name']
@driver.start_cast_tab_mirroring(device_name)
expect { @driver.stop_casting(device_name) }.not_to raise_exceptionさまざまなネットワーク条件をシミュレートすることができます。
ChromiumNetworkConditions networkConditions = new ChromiumNetworkConditions();
networkConditions.setOffline(false);
networkConditions.setLatency(java.time.Duration.ofMillis(20)); // 20 ms of latency
networkConditions.setDownloadThroughput(2000 * 1024 / 8); // 2000 kbps
networkConditions.setUploadThroughput(2000 * 1024 / 8); // 2000 kbps
network_conditions = {
"offline": False,
"latency": 20, # 20 ms of latency
"download_throughput": 2000 * 1024 / 8, # 2000 kbps
"upload_throughput": 2000 * 1024 / 8, # 2000 kbps
}
driver.set_network_conditions(**network_conditions) @driver.network_conditions = {offline: false, latency: 100, throughput: 200} LogEntries logs = driver.manage().logs().get(LogType.BROWSER); logs = driver.get_log("browser") logs = @driver.logs.get(:browser) driver.set_permissions('camera', 'denied') @driver.add_permission('camera', 'denied')
@driver.add_permissions('clipboard-read' => 'denied', 'clipboard-write' => 'prompt')EdgeでDevToolsを使用する際の詳細については、[Chrome DevTools]セクションを参照してください。
Selenium 4 には Firefox 78 以降が必要です。 常に最新バージョンの geckodriver を使用することをお勧めします。
全ブラウザに共通のCapabilityについては、オプションページで説明しています。
Firefox に固有のCapabilityは、Mozilla のページの firefoxOptions にあります。
基本的な定義済みのオプションを使用して Firefox セッションを開始すると、以下のようになります。
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
driver = new FirefoxDriver(options); options = webdriver.FirefoxOptions()
driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options) var options = new FirefoxOptions();
driver = new FirefoxDriver(options); options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :firefox, options: options driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.FIREFOX)
.setFirefoxOptions(options)
.build();さまざまなCapabilityを備えた一般的な使用例をいくつか示します。
args パラメータは、ブラウザの起動時に使用するコマンドラインスイッチのリストです。
一般的に使用される引数には、 -headless と "-profile" 、"/path/to/profile" が含まれます。
オプションに引数を追加します。
options.addArguments("-headless"); options.add_argument("-headless") options.AddArgument("-headless"); options.args << '-headless' .setFirefoxOptions(options.addArguments('--headless'))binary パラメーターは、使用するブラウザーの別のロケーションのパスを取ります。
たとえば、このパラメーターを使用すると、geckodriver を使用して、製品版とFirefox Nightlyの両方がコンピューターに存在する場合、
製品版の代わりに Firefox Nightly を駆動できます 。
オプションにブラウザーのロケーションを追加します。
options.setBinary(getFirefoxLocation()); options.binary_location = firefox_bin options.BinaryLocation = GetFirefoxLocation(); options.binary = firefox_locationFirefoxプロファイルを操作するにはいくつかの方法があります。
FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile();
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
profile.setPreference("javascript.enabled", "False");
options.setProfile(profile);
driver = new FirefoxDriver(options); from selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options
from selenium.webdriver.firefox.firefox_profile import FirefoxProfile
options = Options()
firefox_profile = FirefoxProfile()
firefox_profile.set_preference("javascript.enabled", False)
options.profile = firefox_profile
driver = webdriver.Firefox(options=options)var options = new FirefoxOptions();
var profile = new FirefoxProfile();
options.Profile = profile;
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
profile = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Profile.new
profile['browser.download.dir'] = '/tmp/webdriver-downloads'
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Firefox::Options.new(profile: profile)const { Builder } = require("selenium-webdriver");
const firefox = require('selenium-webdriver/firefox');
const options = new firefox.Options();
let profile = '/path to custom profile';
options.setProfile(profile);
const driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser('firefox')
.setFirefoxOptions(options)
.build();
val options = FirefoxOptions()
options.profile = FirefoxProfile()
driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
すべてのブラウザに共通するサービス設定は、Service pageに記載されています。
ドライバーログを取得することは、さまざまな問題のデバッグに役立ちます。サービスクラスを使用すると、ログの保存先を指定できます。ログ出力は、ユーザーがどこかに指定しない限り無視されます。
特定のファイルにログ出力を保存するには:
FirefoxDriverService service =
new GeckoDriverService.Builder().withLogFile(logLocation).build();注: Java では、システムプロパティによってファイル出力を設定することもできます。
プロパティキー:GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
プロパティ値: ログファイルへのパスを表す文字列
service = webdriver.FirefoxService(log_output=log_path, service_args=['--log', 'debug'])ログ出力をコンソールに表示するには、以下のようにします:
FirefoxDriverService service =
new GeckoDriverService.Builder().withLogOutput(System.out).build();注意: Javaは、システムプロパティを使用してコンソール出力を設定することもできます;
プロパティキー: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_LOG_PROPERTY
プロパティ値: DriverService.LOG_STDOUT または DriverService.LOG_STDERR
service = webdriver.FirefoxService(log_output=subprocess.STDOUT)利用可能なログレベルは7つあります: fatal, error, warn, info, config, debug, trace。
ロギングが指定されている場合、デフォルトのレベルは infoになります。
-v iは -log debug と同等であり、-vv は log traceと同等です。
したがって、この例は一般的にログレベルを設定するためのものです:
FirefoxDriverService service =
new GeckoDriverService.Builder().withLogLevel(FirefoxDriverLogLevel.DEBUG).build();注意: Javaは、システムプロパティによってログレベルの設定も可能です:
プロパティキー: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_LOG_LEVEL_PROPERTY
プロパティ値:FirefoxDriverLogLevel列挙型の文字列表現
service = webdriver.FirefoxService(log_output=log_path, service_args=['--log', 'debug'])ドライバーは、大きなバイナリの文字列表現を含む、送信されたすべてのものをログに記録します。そのため、Firefoxではデフォルトで行が切り捨てられます。切り捨てを無効にするには:
FirefoxDriverService service =
new GeckoDriverService.Builder().withTruncatedLogs(false).build();注意: Javaでは、システムプロパティによってログレベルを設定することもできます。
プロパティキー: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_LOG_NO_TRUNCATE
プロパティ値: "true" または "false"
service = webdriver.FirefoxService(service_args=['--log-no-truncate', '--log', 'debug'], log_output=log_path)プロファイルのデフォルトディレクトリは、システムの一時ディレクトリです。そのディレクトリにアクセスできない場合や、特定の場所にプロファイルを作成したい場合は、プロファイルルートディレクトリを変更できます:
FirefoxDriverService service =
new GeckoDriverService.Builder().withProfileRoot(profileDirectory).build();注意: Javaでは、システムプロパティを使用してログレベルを設定することもできます：
プロパティキー: GeckoDriverService.GECKO_DRIVER_PROFILE_ROOT
プロパティ値: プロファイルルートディレクトリへのパスを表す文字列
service = webdriver.FirefoxService(service_args=['--profile-root', temp_dir])Chromeとは異なり、Firefoxの拡張機能はCapabilityの一部として追加されるのではなく、ドライバーの起動後に作成されます。
Chromeとは異なり、Firefoxの拡張機能はこの問題に記載されているように、機能の一部として追加されるのではなく、ドライバーの起動後に作成されます。
T以下の例はローカルWebDriver用です。リモートWebDriverについては、Remote WebDriverページを参照してください。
Mozilla Add-Onsページ から取得する署名付きxpiファイル
driver.installExtension(xpiPath); driver.install_addon(addon_path_xpi) driver.InstallAddOnFromFile(Path.GetFullPath(extensionFilePath)); driver.install_addon(extension_file_path) let id = await driver.installAddon(xpiPath);アドオンをアンインストールするには、そのIDを知る必要があります。 IDはアドオンインストール時の戻り値から取得できます。
driver.uninstallExtension(id); driver.uninstall_addon(id) driver.uninstall_addon(extension_id) await driver.uninstallAddon(id);未完成または未公開の拡張機能を使用する場合、署名されていない可能性があります。 そのため、“一時的なもの” としてのみインストールできます。 これは、zipファイルまたはディレクトリを渡すことで実行できます。ディレクトリの例を次に示します。
driver.installExtension(path, true); driver.install_addon(addon_path_dir, temporary=True) driver.InstallAddOnFromDirectory(Path.GetFullPath(extensionDirPath), true); let id = await driver.installAddon(xpiPath, true);以下の例はローカルWebDriver用です。リモートWebDriverについては、Remote WebDriverページを参照してください。
File screenshot = driver.getFullPageScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE); driver.save_full_page_screenshot("full_page_screenshot.png") screenshot = driver.save_full_page_screenshot(File.join(dir, 'screenshot.png'))以下の例はローカルWebDriver用です。リモートWebDriverについては、Remote WebDriverページを参照してください。
((HasContext) driver).setContext(FirefoxCommandContext.CHROME);
driver.executeScript("console.log('Inside Chrome context');"); with driver.context(driver.CONTEXT_CHROME):
driver.execute_script("console.log('Inside Chrome context');") driver.context = 'content'As of June 2022, Selenium officially no longer supports standalone Internet Explorer. The Internet Explorer driver still supports running Microsoft Edge in “IE Compatibility Mode.”
The IE Driver is the only driver maintained by the Selenium Project directly. While binaries for both the 32-bit and 64-bit versions of Internet Explorer are available, there are some known limitations with the 64-bit driver. As such it is recommended to use the 32-bit driver.
Additional information about using Internet Explorer can be found on the IE Driver Server page
Starting a Microsoft Edge browser in Internet Explorer Compatibility mode with basic defined options looks like this:
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.attachToEdgeChrome();
options.withEdgeExecutablePath(getEdgeLocation());
driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options); options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.attach_to_edge_chrome = True
options.edge_executable_path = edge_bin
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options) var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.AttachToEdgeChrome = true;
options.EdgeExecutablePath = GetEdgeLocation();
_driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options); options = Selenium::WebDriver::IE::Options.new
options.attach_to_edge_chrome = true
options.edge_executable_path = edge_location
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :ie, options: optionsAs of Internet Explorer Driver v4.5.0:
So, if IE is not on the system, you only need:
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options); options = webdriver.IeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options) var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
_driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options); options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.ie
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :ie, options: optionslet driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('internet explorer')
.setIEOptions(options)
.build();<p><a href=/documentation/about/contributing/#moving-examples>
<span class="selenium-badge-code" data-bs-toggle="tooltip" data-bs-placement="right"
title="One or more of these examples need to be implemented in the examples directory; click for details in the contribution guide">Move Code</span></a></p>
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
val driver = InternetExplorerDriver(options)Here are a few common use cases with different capabilities:
環境によっては、ファイルアップロードダイアログを開くときにInternet Explorerがタイムアウトする場合があります。 IEDriverのデフォルトのタイムアウトは1000ミリ秒ですが、fileUploadDialogTimeout capabilityを使用してタイムアウトを増やすことができます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.waitForUploadDialogUpTo(Duration.ofSeconds(2));
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.file_upload_dialog_timeout = 2000
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.FileUploadDialogTimeout = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(2000);
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
@options.file_upload_dialog_timeout = 2000const ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options().fileUploadDialogTimeout(2000);
let driver = await Builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.waitForUploadDialogUpTo(Duration.ofSeconds(2))
val driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
この機能を true に設定すると、手動またはドライバーによって開始されたものを含め、
InternetExplorerの実行中のすべてのインスタンスのキャッシュ、ブラウザー履歴、およびCookieがクリアされます。
デフォルトでは、false に設定されています。
この機能を使用すると、ドライバーがIEブラウザーを起動する前にキャッシュがクリアされるまで待機するため、 ブラウザーの起動中にパフォーマンスが低下します。
このケイパビリティは、ブール値をパラメーターとして受け入れます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.destructivelyEnsureCleanSession();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.ensure_clean_session = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.EnsureCleanSession = true;
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
@options.ensure_clean_session = trueconst ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options().ensureCleanSession(true);
let driver = await Builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.destructivelyEnsureCleanSession()
val driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
InternetExplorerドライバーは、ブラウザーのズームレベルが100％であることを想定しています。 それ以外の場合、ドライバーは例外をスローします。 このデフォルトの動作は、 ignoreZoomSetting を true に設定することで無効にできます。
このケイパビリティは、ブール値をパラメーターとして受け入れます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.ignoreZoomSettings();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.ignore_zoom_level = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.IgnoreZoomLevel = true;
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
@options.ignore_zoom_level = trueconst ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options().ignoreZoomSetting(true);
let driver = await Builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.ignoreZoomSettings()
val driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
新しいIEセッションの起動中に 保護モード チェックをスキップするかどうか。
設定されておらず、 保護モード 設定がすべてのゾーンで同じでない場合、 ドライバーによって例外がスローされます。
ケイパビリティを true に設定すると、テストが不安定になったり、応答しなくなったり、
ブラウザがハングしたりする場合があります。
ただし、これはまだ2番目に良い選択であり、最初の選択は 常に
各ゾーンの保護モード設定を手動で実際に設定することです。
ユーザーがこのプロパティを使用している場合、「ベストエフォート」のみがサポートされます。
このケイパビリティは、ブール値をパラメーターとして受け入れます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.introduceFlakinessByIgnoringSecurityDomains();
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.ignore_protected_mode_settings = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
var options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.IntroduceInstabilityByIgnoringProtectedModeSettings = true;
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(options);
@options.ignore_protected_mode_settings = trueconst ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options().introduceFlakinessByIgnoringProtectedModeSettings(true);
let driver = await Builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.introduceFlakinessByIgnoringSecurityDomains()
val driver = RemoteWebDriver(options)
true に設定すると、このケイパビリティはIEDriverServerの診断出力を抑制します。
このケイパビリティは、ブール値をパラメーターとして受け入れます。
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.setCapability("silent", true);
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.set_capability("silent", True)
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.AddAdditionalInternetExplorerOption("silent", true);
IWebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
@options.silent = trueconst {Builder,By, Capabilities} = require('selenium-webdriver');
let caps = Capabilities.ie();
caps.set('silent', true);
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder()
.forBrowser('internet explorer')
.withCapabilities(caps)
.build();
try {
await driver.get('http://www.google.com/ncr');
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions
fun main() {
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.setCapability("silent", true)
val driver = InternetExplorerDriver(options)
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")
val caps = driver.getCapabilities()
println(caps)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Internet Explorerには、ブラウザーのトラブルシューティングと構成を可能にするいくつかのコマンドラインオプションが含まれています。
次に、サポートされているいくつかのコマンドラインオプションについて説明します。
-private : IEをプライベートブラウジングモードで起動するために使用されます。 これはIE 8以降のバージョンで機能します。
-k : Internet Explorerをキオスクモードで起動します。 ブラウザは、アドレスバー、ナビゲーションボタン、またはステータスバーを表示しない最大化されたウィンドウで開きます。
-extoff : アドオンなしモードでIEを起動します。 このオプションは、ブラウザーのアドオンに関する問題のトラブルシューティングに特に使用されます。 IE 7以降のバージョンで動作します。
注：コマンドライン引数が機能するためには、 forceCreateProcessApi を順番に有効にする必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions;
public class ieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.useCreateProcessApiToLaunchIe();
options.addCommandSwitches("-k");
InternetExplorerDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr");
Capabilities caps = driver.getCapabilities();
System.out.println(caps);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.add_argument('-private')
options.force_create_process_api = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
using System;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.IE;
namespace ieTest {
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.ForceCreateProcessApi = true;
options.BrowserCommandLineArguments = "-k";
IWebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
driver.Url = "https://google.com/ncr";
}
}
}
@options.add_argument('-k')const ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options();
options.addBrowserCommandSwitches('-k');
options.addBrowserCommandSwitches('-private');
options.forceCreateProcessApi(true);
driver = await env.builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions
fun main() {
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.useCreateProcessApiToLaunchIe()
options.addCommandSwitches("-k")
val driver = InternetExplorerDriver(options)
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")
val caps = driver.getCapabilities()
println(caps);
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
CreateProcess APIを使用してInternet Explorerを強制的に起動します。 デフォルト値はfalseです。
IE 8以降の場合、このオプションでは “TabProcGrowth” レジストリの値を0に設定する必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions;
public class ieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.useCreateProcessApiToLaunchIe();
InternetExplorerDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr");
Capabilities caps = driver.getCapabilities();
System.out.println(caps);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.IeOptions()
options.force_create_process_api = True
driver = webdriver.Ie(options=options)
driver.get("http://www.google.com")
driver.quit()
using System;
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.IE;
namespace ieTest {
class Program {
static void Main(string[] args) {
InternetExplorerOptions options = new InternetExplorerOptions();
options.ForceCreateProcessApi = true;
IWebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(options);
driver.Url = "https://google.com/ncr";
}
}
}
@options.force_create_process_api = trueconst ie = require('selenium-webdriver/ie');
let options = new ie.Options();
options.forceCreateProcessApi(true);
driver = await env.builder()
.setIeOptions(options)
.build();
import org.openqa.selenium.Capabilities
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.ie.InternetExplorerOptions
fun main() {
val options = InternetExplorerOptions()
options.useCreateProcessApiToLaunchIe()
val driver = InternetExplorerDriver(options)
try {
driver.get("https://google.com/ncr")
val caps = driver.getCapabilities()
println(caps)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Service settings common to all browsers are described on the Service page.
Getting driver logs can be helpful for debugging various issues. The Service class lets you direct where the logs will go. Logging output is ignored unless the user directs it somewhere.
To change the logging output to save to a specific file:
.withLogFile(getLogLocation())Note: Java also allows setting file output by System Property:
Property key: InternetExplorerDriverService.IE_DRIVER_LOGFILE_PROPERTY
Property value: String representing path to log file
service = webdriver.IeService(log_output=log_path, log_level='INFO')To change the logging output to display in the console as STDOUT:
.withLogOutput(System.out)Note: Java also allows setting console output by System Property;
Property key: InternetExplorerDriverService.IE_DRIVER_LOGFILE_PROPERTY
Property value: DriverService.LOG_STDOUT or DriverService.LOG_STDERR
service = webdriver.IeService(log_output=subprocess.STDOUT)There are 6 available log levels: FATAL, ERROR, WARN, INFO, DEBUG, and TRACE
If logging output is specified, the default level is FATAL
.withLogLevel(InternetExplorerDriverLogLevel.WARN)Note: Java also allows setting log level by System Property:
Property key: InternetExplorerDriverService.IE_DRIVER_LOGLEVEL_PROPERTY
Property value: String representation of InternetExplorerDriverLogLevel.DEBUG.toString() enum
service = webdriver.IeService(log_output=log_path, log_level='WARN') .withExtractPath(getTempDirectory()) service = webdriver.IeService(service_args=["–extract-path="+temp_dir])Unlike Chromium and Firefox drivers, the safaridriver is installed with the Operating System. To enable automation on Safari, run the following command from the terminal:
safaridriver --enable
Capabilities common to all browsers are described on the Options page.
Capabilities unique to Safari can be found at Apple’s page About WebDriver for Safari
Starting a Safari session with basic defined options looks like this:
SafariOptions options = new SafariOptions();
driver = new SafariDriver(options); options = webdriver.SafariOptions()
driver = webdriver.Safari(options=options) var options = new SafariOptions();
driver = new SafariDriver(options); options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.safari
@driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :safari, options: options let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser(Browser.SAFARI)
.setSafariOptions(options)
.build();val options = SafariOptions()
val driver = SafariDriver(options)Those looking to automate Safari on iOS should look to the Appium project.
Service settings common to all browsers are described on the Service page.
Unlike other browsers, Safari doesn’t let you choose where logs are output, or change levels. The one option
available is to turn logs off or on. If logs are toggled on, they can be found at:~/Library/Logs/com.apple.WebDriver/.
.withLogging(true)Note: Java also allows setting console output by System Property;
Property key: SafariDriverService.SAFARI_DRIVER_LOGGING
Property value: "true" or "false"
service = webdriver.SafariService(service_args=["--diagnose"])Apple provides a development version of their browser — Safari Technology Preview To use this version in your code:
options.setUseTechnologyPreview(true);
driver = new SafariDriver(options); options = webdriver.SafariOptions()
options.use_technology_preview = True
service = webdriver.SafariService(
executable_path='/Applications/Safari Technology Preview.app/Contents/MacOS/safaridriver'
)
driver = webdriver.Safari(options=options, service=service) Selenium::WebDriver::Safari.technology_preview!
local_driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :safariPerhaps the most common challenge for browser automation is ensuring that the web application is in a state to execute a particular Selenium command as desired. The processes often end up in a race condition where sometimes the browser gets into the right state first (things work as intended) and sometimes the Selenium code executes first (things do not work as intended). This is one of the primary causes of flaky tests.
All navigation commands wait for a specific readyState value
based on the page load strategy (the
default value to wait for is "complete") before the driver returns control to the code.
The readyState only concerns itself with loading assets defined in the HTML,
but loaded JavaScript assets often result in changes to the site,
and elements that need to be interacted with may not yet be on the page
when the code is ready to execute the next Selenium command.
Similarly, in a lot of single page applications, elements get dynamically added to a page or change visibility based on a click. An element must be both present and displayed on the page in order for Selenium to interact with it.
Take this page for example: https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/dynamic.html When the “Add a box!” button is clicked, a “div” element that does not exist is created. When the “Reveal a new input” button is clicked, a hidden text field element is displayed. In both cases the transition takes a couple seconds. If the Selenium code is to click one of these buttons and interact with the resulting element, it will do so before that element is ready and fail.
The first solution many people turn to is adding a sleep statement to pause the code execution for a set period of time. Because the code can’t know exactly how long it needs to wait, this can fail when it doesn’t sleep long enough. Alternately, if the value is set too high and a sleep statement is added in every place it is needed, the duration of the session can become prohibitive.
Selenium provides two different mechanisms for synchronization that are better.
Selenium has a built-in way to automatically wait for elements called an implicit wait. An implicit wait value can be set either with the timeouts capability in the browser options, or with a driver method (as shown below).
This is a global setting that applies to every element location call for the entire session.
The default value is 0, which means that if the element is not found, it will
immediately return an error. If an implicit wait is set, the driver will wait for the
duration of the provided value before returning the error. Note that as soon as the
element is located, the driver will return the element reference and the code will continue executing,
so a larger implicit wait value won’t necessarily increase the duration of the session.
Warning: Do not mix implicit and explicit waits. Doing so can cause unpredictable wait times. For example, setting an implicit wait of 10 seconds and an explicit wait of 15 seconds could cause a timeout to occur after 20 seconds.
Solving our example with an implicit wait looks like this:
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(2)); driver.implicitly_wait(2) driver.Manage().Timeouts().ImplicitWait = TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2); driver.manage.timeouts.implicit_wait = 2 await driver.manage().setTimeouts({ implicit: 2000 });Explicit waits are loops added to the code that poll the application for a specific condition to evaluate as true before it exits the loop and continues to the next command in the code. If the condition is not met before a designated timeout value, the code will give a timeout error. Since there are many ways for the application not to be in the desired state, explicit waits are a great choice to specify the exact condition to wait for in each place it is needed. Another nice feature is that, by default, the Selenium Wait class automatically waits for the designated element to exist.
This example shows the condition being waited for as a lambda. Java also supports Expected Conditions
Wait<WebDriver> wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(2));
wait.until(d -> revealed.isDisplayed());This example shows the condition being waited for as a lambda. Python also supports Expected Conditions
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
wait.until(lambda d : revealed.is_displayed()) WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2));
wait.Until(d => revealed.Displayed); wait = Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new
wait.until { revealed.displayed? }JavaScript also supports Expected Conditions
await driver.wait(until.elementIsVisible(revealed), 2000);The Wait class can be instantiated with various parameters that will change how the conditions are evaluated.
This can include:
For instance, if the element not interactable error is retried by default, then we can
add an action on a method inside the code getting executed (we just need to
make sure that the code returns true when it is successful):
The easiest way to customize Waits in Java is to use the FluentWait class:
Wait<WebDriver> wait =
new FluentWait<>(driver)
.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(2))
.pollingEvery(Duration.ofMillis(300))
.ignoring(ElementNotInteractableException.class);
wait.until(
d -> {
revealed.sendKeys("Displayed");
return true;
}); errors = [NoSuchElementException, ElementNotInteractableException]
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2, poll_frequency=.2, ignored_exceptions=errors)
wait.until(lambda d : revealed.send_keys("Displayed") or True) WebDriverWait wait = new WebDriverWait(driver, TimeSpan.FromSeconds(2))
{
PollingInterval = TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(300),
};
wait.IgnoreExceptionTypes(typeof(ElementNotInteractableException));
wait.Until(d => {
revealed.SendKeys("Displayed");
return true;
}); errors = [Selenium::WebDriver::Error::NoSuchElementError,
Selenium::WebDriver::Error::ElementNotInteractableError]
wait = Selenium::WebDriver::Wait.new(timeout: 2,
interval: 0.3,
ignore: errors)
wait.until { revealed.send_keys('Displayed') || true }ほとんどの人のSeleniumコードの大部分は、Web要素の操作に関連しています。
Because Selenium cannot interact with the file upload dialog, it provides a way
to upload files without opening the dialog. If the element is an input element with type file,
you can use the send keys method to send the full path to the file that will be uploaded.
WebElement fileInput = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.sendKeys(uploadFile.getAbsolutePath());
driver.findElement(By.id("file-submit")).click(); file_input = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "input[type='file']")
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "file-submit").click() IWebElement fileInput = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("input[type=file]"));
fileInput.SendKeys(uploadFile);
driver.FindElement(By.Id("file-submit")).Click(); file_input = driver.find_element(css: 'input[type=file]')
file_input.send_keys(upload_file)
driver.find_element(id: 'file-submit').click await driver.get('https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/upload');
// Upload snapshot
ロケーターは、ページ上の要素を識別する方法です。 これは、検索要素 メソッドに渡される引数です。
検出方法とは別にロケーターを宣言するタイミングと理由など、 ロケーターに関するヒントについては、 推奨されるテストプラクティス を確認してください。
WebDriverには標準のロケータが8種類あります。
| ロケータ | 詳細 |
|---|---|
| class name | class名に値を含む要素を探す (複合クラス名は使えない) |
| css selector | CSSセレクタが一致する要素を探す |
| id | id属性が一致する要素を探す |
| name | name属性が一致する要素を探す |
| link text | a要素のテキストが一致する要素を探す |
| partial link text | a要素のテキストが部分一致する要素を探す |
| tag name | タグ名が一致する要素を探す |
| xpath | XPathと一致する要素を探す |
To work on a web element using Selenium, we need to first locate it on the web page. Selenium provides us above mentioned ways, using which we can locate element on the page. To understand and create locator we will use the following HTML snippet.
<html>
<body>
<style>
.information {
background-color: white;
color: black;
padding: 10px;
}
</style>
<h2>Contact Selenium</h2>
<form action="/action_page.php">
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="m" />Male
<input type="radio" name="gender" value="f" />Female <br>
<br>
<label for="fname">First name:</label><br>
<input class="information" type="text" id="fname" name="fname" value="Jane"><br><br>
<label for="lname">Last name:</label><br>
<input class="information" type="text" id="lname" name="lname" value="Doe"><br><br>
<label for="newsletter">Newsletter:</label>
<input type="checkbox" name="newsletter" value="1" /><br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
<p>To know more about Selenium, visit the official page
<a href ="www.selenium.dev">Selenium Official Page</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>
The HTML page web element can have attribute class. We can see an example in the above shown HTML snippet. We can identify these elements using the class name locator available in Selenium.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
driver.find_element(class: 'information') let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.className('information'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("information"))
CSS is the language used to style HTML pages. We can use css selector locator strategy to identify the element on the page. If the element has an id, we create the locator as css = #id. Otherwise the format we follow is css =[attribute=value] . Let us see an example from above HTML snippet. We will create locator for First Name textbox, using css.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fname"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#fname")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fname"));
driver.find_element(css: '#fname') let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.css('#fname'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.css("#fname"))
We can use the ID attribute available with element in a web page to locate it. Generally the ID property should be unique for a element on the web page. We will identify the Last Name field using it.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.id("lname"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.ID, "lname")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.Id("lname"));
driver.find_element(id: 'lname') let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.id('lname'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.id("lname"))
We can use the NAME attribute available with element in a web page to locate it. Generally the NAME property should be unique for a element on the web page. We will identify the Newsletter checkbox using it.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.NAME, "newsletter")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.Name("newsletter"));
driver.find_element(name: 'newsletter') let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.name('newsletter'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.name("newsletter"))
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the link text locator to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link. In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "Selenium Official Page")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Selenium Official Page"));
driver.find_element(link_text: 'Selenium Official Page') let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.linkText('Selenium Official Page'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.linkText("Selenium Official Page"))
If the element we want to locate is a link, we can use the partial link text locator to identify it on the web page. The link text is the text displayed of the link. We can pass partial text as value. In the HTML snippet shared, we have a link available, lets see how will we locate it.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.PARTIAL_LINK_TEXT, "Official Page")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.PartialLinkText("Official Page"));
driver.find_element(partial_link_text: 'Official Page') let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText('Official Page'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("Official Page"))
We can use the HTML TAG itself as a locator to identify the web element on the page. From the above HTML snippet shared, lets identify the link, using its html tag “a”.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "a")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("a"));
driver.find_element(tag_name: 'a') let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.tagName('a'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.tagName("a"))
A HTML document can be considered as a XML document, and then we can use xpath which will be the path traversed to reach the element of interest to locate the element. The XPath could be absolute xpath, which is created from the root of the document. Example - /html/form/input[1]. This will return the male radio button. Or the xpath could be relative. Example- //input[@name=‘fname’]. This will return the first name text box. Let us create locator for female radio button using xpath.
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//input[@value='f']")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.Xpath("//input[@value='f']"));
driver.find_element(xpath: "//input[@value='f']") let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@value='f']'));
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@value='f']'))
The FindElement makes using locators a breeze! For most languages,
all you need to do is utilize webdriver.common.by.By, however in
others it’s as simple as setting a parameter in the FindElement function
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.findElement(By.className("information"));
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "information")
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("information"));
driver.find_element(class: 'information') let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
const loc = await driver.findElement(By.className('information'));
import org.openqa.selenium.By
val driver = ChromeDriver()
val loc: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("information"))
The ByChained class enables you to chain two By locators together. For example, instead of having to
locate a parent element, and then a child element of that parent, you can instead combine those two FindElement
functions into one.
By example = new ByChained(By.id("login-form"), By.id("username-field"));
WebElement username_input = driver.findElement(example);The ByAll class enables you to utilize two By locators at once, finding elements that mach either of your By locators.
For example, instead of having to utilize two FindElement() functions to find the username and password input fields seperately,
you can instead find them together in one clean FindElements()
By example = new ByAll(By.id("password-field"), By.id("username-field"));
List<WebElement> login_inputs = driver.findElements(example);Selenium 4 introduces Relative Locators (previously called as Friendly Locators). These locators are helpful when it is not easy to construct a locator for the desired element, but easy to describe spatially where the element is in relation to an element that does have an easily constructed locator.
Selenium uses the JavaScript function
getBoundingClientRect()
to determine the size and position of elements on the page, and can use this information to locate neighboring elements.
find the relative elements.
Relative locator methods can take as the argument for the point of origin, either a previously located element reference, or another locator. In these examples we’ll be using locators only, but you could swap the locator in the final method with an element object and it will work the same.
Let us consider the below example for understanding the relative locators.
If the email text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the password text field element is, we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “above” the password element.
By emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(By.id("password"));email_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").above({By.ID: "password"})var emailLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.TagName("input")).Above(By.Id("password")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', above: {id: 'password'}}})let emailLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).above(By.id('password'));val emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).above(By.id("password"))If the password text field element is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the email text field element is, we can locate the text field element using the fact that it is an “input” element “below” the email element.
By passwordLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(By.id("email"));password_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").below({By.ID: "email"})var passwordLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.TagName("input")).Below(By.Id("email")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', below: {id: 'email'}}})let passwordLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).below(By.id('email'));val passwordLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).below(By.id("email"))If the cancel button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the submit button element is, we can locate the cancel button element using the fact that it is a “button” element to the “left of” the submit element.
By cancelLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toLeftOf(By.id("submit"));cancel_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").to_left_of({By.ID: "submit"})var cancelLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).LeftOf(By.Id("submit")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', left: {id: 'submit'}}})let cancelLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).toLeftOf(By.id('submit'));val cancelLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toLeftOf(By.id("submit"))If the submit button is not easily identifiable for some reason, but the cancel button element is, we can locate the submit button element using the fact that it is a “button” element “to the right of” the cancel element.
By submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"));submit_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").to_right_of({By.ID: "cancel"})var submitLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).RightOf(By.Id("cancel")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', right: {id: 'cancel'}}})let submitLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).toRightOf(By.id('cancel'));val submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"))If the relative positioning is not obvious, or it varies based on window size, you can use the near method to
identify an element that is at most 50px away from the provided locator.
One great use case for this is to work with a form element that doesn’t have an easily constructed locator,
but its associated input label element does.
By emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).near(By.id("lbl-email"));email_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "input").near({By.ID: "lbl-email"})var emailLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("input")).Near(By.Id("lbl-email")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'input', near: {id: 'lbl-email'}}})let emailLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('input')).near(By.id('lbl-email'));val emailLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("input")).near(By.id("lbl-email"));You can also chain locators if needed. Sometimes the element is most easily identified as being both above/below one element and right/left of another.
By submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("email")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"));submit_locator = locate_with(By.TAG_NAME, "button").below({By.ID: "email"}).to_right_of({By.ID: "cancel"})var submitLocator = RelativeBy.WithLocator(By.tagName("button")).Below(By.Id("email")).RightOf(By.Id("cancel")); driver.find_element({relative: {tag_name: 'button', below: {id: 'email'}, right: {id: 'cancel'}}})let submitLocator = locateWith(By.tagName('button')).below(By.id('email')).toRightOf(By.id('cancel'));val submitLocator = RelativeLocator.with(By.tagName("button")).below(By.id("email")).toRightOf(By.id("cancel"))There are only 5 basic commands that can be executed on an element:
These methods are designed to closely emulate a user’s experience, so, unlike the Actions API, it attempts to perform two things before attempting the specified action.
The element click command is executed on the center of the element. If the center of the element is obscured for some reason, Selenium will return an element click intercepted error.
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Click on the element
WebElement checkInput=driver.findElement(By.name("checkbox_input"));
checkInput.click(); # Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# Click on the checkbox
check_input = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "checkbox_input")
check_input.click() // Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// Click on the element
IWebElement checkInput = driver.FindElement(By.Name("checkbox_input"));
checkInput.Click(); driver.find_element(name: 'color_input').click await submitButton.click(); // Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
// Click the element
driver.findElement(By.name("color_input")).click();
The element send keys command
types the provided keys into an editable element.
Typically, this means an element is an input element of a form with a text type or an element
with a content-editable attribute. If it is not editable,
an invalid element state error is returned.
Here is the list of possible keystrokes that WebDriver Supports.
// Clear field to empty it from any previous data
WebElement emailInput=driver.findElement(By.name("email_input"));
emailInput.clear();
//Enter Text
String email="admin@localhost.dev";
emailInput.sendKeys(email); # Handle the email input field
email_input = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input")
email_input.clear() # Clear field
email = "admin@localhost.dev"
email_input.send_keys(email) # Enter text //SendKeys
// Clear field to empty it from any previous data
IWebElement emailInput = driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input"));
emailInput.Clear();
//Enter Text
String email = "admin@localhost.dev";
emailInput.SendKeys(email); driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').send_keys 'admin@localhost.dev' let inputField = await driver.findElement(By.name('no_type'));
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).clear()
// Enter text
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).sendKeys("admin@localhost.dev")
The element clear command resets the content of an element.
This requires an element to be editable,
and resettable. Typically,
this means an element is an input element of a form with a text type or an element
with acontent-editable attribute. If these conditions are not met,
an invalid element state error is returned.
//Clear Element
// Clear field to empty it from any previous data
emailInput.clear(); email_input.clear() //Clear Element
// Clear field to empty it from any previous data
emailInput.Clear();
data = emailInput.GetAttribute("value"); driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').clear await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html');
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//Clear field to empty it from any previous data
driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).clear()
In Selenium 4 this is no longer implemented with a separate endpoint and functions by executing a script. As such, it is recommended not to use this method and to click the applicable form submission button instead.
Seleniumを使用する最も基本的な側面の1つは、操作する要素の参照を取得することです。 Seleniumは、要素を一意に識別するための多数の組み込みロケーター戦略を提供します。 非常に高度なシナリオでロケーターを使用する方法はたくさんあります。 このドキュメントの目的のために、このHTMLスニペットについて考えてみましょう。
<ol id="vegetables">
<li class="potatoes">…
<li class="onions">…
<li class="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Vegetable</span>…
</ol>
<ul id="fruits">
<li class="bananas">…
<li class="apples">…
<li class="tomatoes"><span>Tomato is a Fruit</span>…
</ul>
多くのロケーターは、ページ上の複数の要素と一致します。 単数の find elementメソッドは、指定されたコンテキスト内で最初に見つかった要素への参照を返します。
ドライバーインスタンスで要素の検索メソッドが呼び出されると、提供されたロケーターと一致するDOMの最初の要素への参照が返されます。 この値は保存して、将来の要素アクションに使用できます。 上記のHTMLの例では、クラス名が “tomatoes” の要素が2つあるため、このメソッドは “vegetables” リストの要素を返します。
WebElement vegetable = driver.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"));
vegetable = driver.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, "tomatoes")
var vegetable = driver.FindElement(By.ClassName("tomatoes"));
driver.find_element(class: 'tomatoes')const vegetable = await driver.findElement(By.className('tomatoes'));
val vegetable: WebElement = driver.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"))
DOM全体で一意のロケーターを見つけるのではなく、検索を別の検索された要素のスコープに絞り込むと便利なことがよくあります。 上記の例では、クラス名が “トマト” の2つの要素があり、2番目の要素の参照を取得するのは少し困難です。
1つの解決策は、目的の要素の祖先であり、不要な要素の祖先ではない一意の属性を持つ要素を見つけて、そのオブジェクトでfind要素を呼び出すことです。
WebElement fruits = driver.findElement(By.id("fruits"));
WebElement fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"));
fruits = driver.find_element(By.ID, "fruits")
fruit = fruits.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME,"tomatoes")
IWebElement fruits = driver.FindElement(By.Id("fruits"));
IWebElement fruit = fruits.FindElement(By.ClassName("tomatoes"));
fruits = driver.find_element(id: 'fruits')
fruit = fruits.find_element(class: 'tomatoes')const fruits = await driver.findElement(By.id('fruits'));
const fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className('tomatoes'));
val fruits = driver.findElement(By.id("fruits"))
val fruit = fruits.findElement(By.className("tomatoes"))
Java and C#WebDriver 、 WebElement 、および ShadowRoot クラスはすべて、 ロールベースのインターフェイス と見なされる SearchContext インターフェイスを実装します。
ロールベースのインターフェイスを使用すると、特定のドライバーの実装が特定の機能をサポートしているかどうかを判断できます。
これらのインターフェースは明確に定義されており、責任の役割を1つだけ持つように努めています。
The Shadow DOM is an encapsulated DOM tree hidden inside an element. With the release of v96 in Chromium Browsers, Selenium can now allow you to access this tree with easy-to-use shadow root methods. NOTE: These methods require Selenium 4.0 or greater.
WebElement shadowHost = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#shadow_host"));
SearchContext shadowRoot = shadowHost.getShadowRoot();
WebElement shadowContent = shadowRoot.findElement(By.cssSelector("#shadow_content"));shadow_host = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#shadow_host')
shadow_root = shadow_host.shadow_root
shadow_content = shadow_root.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#shadow_content')var shadowHost = _driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#shadow_host"));
var shadowRoot = shadowHost.GetShadowRoot();
var shadowContent = shadowRoot.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#shadow_content"));shadow_host = @driver.find_element(css: '#shadow_host')
shadow_root = shadow_host.shadow_root
shadow_content = shadow_root.find_element(css: '#shadow_content')ネストされたルックアップは、ブラウザに2つの別々のコマンドを発行する必要があるため、最も効果的なロケーション戦略ではない可能性があります。
パフォーマンスをわずかに向上させるために、CSSまたはXPathのいずれかを使用して、単一のコマンドでこの要素を見つけることができます。 推奨されるテストプラクティスの章で、ロケーター戦略の提案を参照してください。
この例では、CSSセレクターを使用します。
WebElement fruit = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"));
fruit = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR,"#fruits .tomatoes")
var fruit = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"));
fruit = driver.find_element(css: '#fruits .tomatoes')const fruit = await driver.findElement(By.css('#fruits .tomatoes'));
val fruit = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#fruits .tomatoes"))
最初の要素だけでなく、ロケーターに一致するすべての要素への参照を取得する必要があるユースケースがいくつかあります。 複数の要素の検索メソッドは、要素参照のコレクションを返します。 一致するものがない場合は、空のリストが返されます。 この場合、すべてのfruitsとvegetableのリストアイテムへの参照がコレクションに返されます。
List<WebElement> plants = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"));
plants = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, "li")
IReadOnlyList<IWebElement> plants = driver.FindElements(By.TagName("li"));
plants = driver.find_elements(tag_name: 'li')const plants = await driver.findElements(By.tagName('li'));
val plants: List<WebElement> = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"))
多くの場合、要素のコレクションを取得しますが、特定の要素を操作したいので、コレクションを繰り返し処理して、 必要な要素を特定する必要があります。
List<WebElement> elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName("li"));
for (WebElement element : elements) {
System.out.println("Paragraph text:" + element.getText());
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Firefox()
# Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')
for e in elements:
print(e.text)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Firefox;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace FindElementsExample {
class FindElementsExample {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
IList < IWebElement > elements = driver.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));
foreach(IWebElement e in elements) {
System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);
}
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
elements = driver.find_elements(:tag_name,'p')
elements.each { |e| puts e.text }const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('firefox').build();
try {
// Navigate to Url
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Get all the elements available with tag 'p'
let elements = await driver.findElements(By.css('p'));
for(let e of elements) {
console.log(await e.getText());
}
}
finally {
await driver.quit();
}
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver
fun main() {
val driver = FirefoxDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
val elements = driver.findElements(By.tagName("p"))
for (element in elements) {
println("Paragraph text:" + element.text)
}
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
これは、親要素のコンテキスト内で一致する子のWebElementのリストを見つけるために利用されます。 これを実現するために、親WebElementは’findElements’と連鎖して子要素にアクセスします。
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.util.List;
public class findElementsFromElement {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("https://example.com");
// Get element with tag name 'div'
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"));
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
List<WebElement> elements = element.findElements(By.tagName("p"));
for (WebElement e : elements) {
System.out.println(e.getText());
}
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
##get elements from parent element using TAG_NAME
# Get element with tag name 'div'
element = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'div')
# Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
elements = element.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME, 'p')
for e in elements:
print(e.text)
##get elements from parent element using XPATH
##NOTE: in order to utilize XPATH from current element, you must add "." to beginning of path
# Get first element of tag 'ul'
element = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, '//ul')
# get children of tag 'ul' with tag 'li'
elements = driver.find_elements(By.XPATH, './/li')
for e in elements:
print(e.text)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace FindElementsFromElement {
class FindElementsFromElement {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://example.com");
// Get element with tag name 'div'
IWebElement element = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("div"));
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
IList < IWebElement > elements = element.FindElements(By.TagName("p"));
foreach(IWebElement e in elements) {
System.Console.WriteLine(e.Text);
}
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
element = driver.find_element(:tag_name,'div')
elements = element.find_elements(:tag_name,'p')
elements.each { |e| puts e.text } const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = new Builder()
.forBrowser('chrome')
.build();
await driver.get('https://www.example.com');
// Get element with tag name 'div'
let element = driver.findElement(By.css("div"));
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
let elements = await element.findElements(By.css("p"));
for(let e of elements) {
console.log(await e.getText());
}
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Get element with tag name 'div'
val element = driver.findElement(By.tagName("div"))
// Get all the elements available with tag name 'p'
val elements = element.findElements(By.tagName("p"))
for (e in elements) {
println(e.text)
}
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
これは、現在のブラウジングコンテキストでフォーカスを持っているDOM要素を追跡（または）検索するために使用されます。
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class activeElementTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement");
// Get attribute of current active element
String attr = driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");
System.out.println(attr);
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '[name="q"]').send_keys("webElement")
# Get attribute of current active element
attr = driver.switch_to.active_element.get_attribute("title")
print(attr)
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace ActiveElement {
class ActiveElement {
public static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
// Navigate to Url
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.google.com");
driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("[name='q']")).SendKeys("webElement");
// Get attribute of current active element
string attr = driver.SwitchTo().ActiveElement().GetAttribute("title");
System.Console.WriteLine(attr);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
driver.find_element(css: '[name="q"]').send_keys('webElement')
attr = driver.switch_to.active_element.attribute('title') const {Builder, By} = require('selenium-webdriver');
(async function example() {
let driver = await new Builder().forBrowser('chrome').build();
await driver.get('https://www.google.com');
await driver.findElement(By.css('[name="q"]')).sendKeys("webElement");
// Get attribute of current active element
let attr = await driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title");
console.log(`${attr}`)
})();
import org.openqa.selenium.By
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://www.google.com")
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("[name='q']")).sendKeys("webElement")
// Get attribute of current active element
val attr = driver.switchTo().activeElement().getAttribute("title")
print(attr)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
特定の要素についてクエリできる詳細情報がいくつかあります。
This method is used to check if the connected Element is
displayed on a webpage. Returns a Boolean value,
True if the connected element is displayed in the current
browsing context else returns false.
This functionality is mentioned in, but not defined by the w3c specification due to the impossibility of covering all potential conditions. As such, Selenium cannot expect drivers to implement this functionality directly, and now relies on executing a large JavaScript function directly. This function makes many approximations about an element’s nature and relationship in the tree to return a value.
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html");
// isDisplayed
// Get boolean value for is element display
boolean isEmailVisible = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed();
assertEquals(isEmailVisible,true); driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
# isDisplayed
is_email_visible = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input").is_displayed() // Navigate to Url
driver.Url= "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html";
// isDisplayed
// Get boolean value for is element display
bool isEmailVisible = driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).Displayed;
Assert.AreEqual(isEmailVisible, true); displayed_value = driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').displayed? // Resolves Promise and returns boolean value
let result = await driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed();//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//returns true if element is displayed else returns false
val flag = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).isDisplayed()このメソッドは、接続された要素がWebページで有効または無効になっているかどうかを確認するために使います。 ブール値を返し、現在のブラウジングコンテキストで接続されている要素が 有効（enabled） になっている場合は True 、そうでない場合は false を返します。
//isEnabled
//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
boolean isEnabledButton = driver.findElement(By.name("button_input")).isEnabled();
assertEquals(isEnabledButton,true); is_enabled_button = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "button_input").is_enabled() //isEnabled
//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
bool isEnabledButton = driver.FindElement(By.Name("button_input")).Enabled;
Assert.AreEqual(isEnabledButton, true); enabled_value = driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').enabled? // Resolves Promise and returns boolean value
let element = await driver.findElement(By.name("button_input")).isEnabled(); //navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//returns true if element is enabled else returns false
val attr = driver.findElement(By.name("button_input")).isEnabled()
このメソッドは、参照された要素が選択されているかどうかを判断します。 このメソッドは、チェックボックス、ラジオボタン、入力要素、およびオプション要素で広く使われています。
ブール値を返し、現在のブラウジングコンテキストで参照された要素が 選択されている 場合は True 、そうでない場合は false を返します。
//isSelected
//returns true if element is checked else returns false
boolean isSelectedCheck = driver.findElement(By.name("checkbox_input")).isSelected();
assertEquals(isSelectedCheck,true); is_selected_check = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "checkbox_input").is_selected() //isSelected
//returns true if element is checked else returns false
bool isSelectedCheck = driver.FindElement(By.Name("checkbox_input")).Selected;
Assert.AreEqual(isSelectedCheck, true); selected_value = driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').selected? // Returns true if element ins checked else returns false
let isSelected = await driver.findElement(By.name("checkbox_input")).isSelected();//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//returns true if element is checked else returns false
val attr = driver.findElement(By.name("checkbox_input")).isSelected()これは、現在のブラウジングコンテキストにフォーカスがある参照された要素の TagName を取得するために使います。
//TagName
//returns TagName of the element
String tagNameInp = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).getTagName();
assertEquals(tagNameInp,"input"); tag_name_inp = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input").tag_name //TagName
//returns TagName of the element
string tagNameInp = driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input")).TagName;
Assert.AreEqual(tagNameInp, "input"); tag_name = driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').tag_name // Returns TagName of the element
let value = await driver.findElement(By.name('email_input')).getTagName();//navigates to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//returns TagName of the element
val attr = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).getTagName()参照される要素の寸法と座標を取得するために使います。
取得データのbodyには、次の詳細が含まれます。
//GetRect
// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
Rectangle res = driver.findElement(By.name("range_input")).getRect();
// Rectangle class provides getX,getY, getWidth, getHeight methods
assertEquals(res.getX(),10); rect = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "range_input").rect //Get Location and Size
//Get Location
IWebElement rangeElement = driver.FindElement(By.Name("range_input"));
Point point = rangeElement.Location;
Assert.IsNotNull(point.X);
//Get Size
int height=rangeElement.Size.Height;
Assert.IsNotNull(height); size = driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').size let object = await driver.findElement(By.name('range_input')).getRect();// Navigate to url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
// Returns height, width, x and y coordinates referenced element
val res = driver.findElement(By.name("range_input")).rect
// Rectangle class provides getX,getY, getWidth, getHeight methods
println(res.getX())
現在のブラウジングコンテキスト内の要素の指定された計算したスタイル属性の値を取得します。
// Retrieves the computed style property 'font-size' of field
String cssValue = driver.findElement(By.name("color_input")).getCssValue("font-size");
assertEquals(cssValue, "13.3333px"); css_value = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "color_input").value_of_css_property(
"font-size"
) // Retrieves the computed style property 'font-size' of field
string cssValue = driver.FindElement(By.Name("color_input")).GetCssValue("font-size");
Assert.AreEqual(cssValue, "13.3333px"); css_value = driver.find_element(name: 'email_input').css_value('background-color') await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/colorPage.html');
// Returns background color of the element
let value = await driver.findElement(By.id('namedColor')).getCssValue('background-color');// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/colorPage.html")
// Retrieves the computed style property 'color' of linktext
val cssValue = driver.findElement(By.id("namedColor")).getCssValue("background-color")指定された要素のレンダリングされたテキストを取得します。
//GetText
// Retrieves the text of the element
String text = driver.findElement(By.tagName("h1")).getText();
assertEquals(text, "Testing Inputs"); text = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "h1").text //GetText
// Retrieves the text of the element
string text = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("h1")).Text;
Assert.AreEqual(text, "Testing Inputs"); text = driver.find_element(xpath: '//h1').text await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html');
// Returns text of the element
let text = await driver.findElement(By.id('justanotherLink')).getText();// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html")
// retrieves the text of the element
val text = driver.findElement(By.id("justanotherlink")).getText()Fetches the run time value associated with a DOM attribute. It returns the data associated with the DOM attribute or property of the element.
//FetchAttributes
//identify the email text box
WebElement emailTxt = driver.findElement(By.name(("email_input")));
//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
String valueInfo = emailTxt.getAttribute("value");
assertEquals(valueInfo,"admin@localhost"); # FetchAttributes
email_txt = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "email_input")
value_info = email_txt.get_attribute("value") //FetchAttributes
//identify the email text box
IWebElement emailTxt = driver.FindElement(By.Name("email_input"));
//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
string valueInfo = emailTxt.GetAttribute("value");
Assert.AreEqual(valueInfo, "admin@localhost"); attribute_value = driver.find_element(name: 'number_input').attribute('value') // identify the email text box
const emailElement = await driver.findElement(By.xpath('//input[@name="email_input"]'));
//fetch the attribute "name" associated with the textbox
const nameAttribute = await emailElement.getAttribute("name");// Navigate to URL
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/inputs.html")
//fetch the value property associated with the textbox
val attr = driver.findElement(By.name("email_input")).getAttribute("value")ブラウザーから現在のページタイトルを読むことができます。
String title = driver.getTitle();title = driver.title String title = driver.Title; current_title = driver.title let title = await driver.getTitle();driver.titleブラウザーのアドレスバーから現在のURLを読むには、次を使用します。
String url = driver.getCurrentUrl();url = driver.current_url String url = driver.Url; current_url = driver.current_url let currentUrl = await driver.getCurrentUrl();driver.currentUrlブラウザーを起動した後に最初に行うことは、Webサイトを開くことです。これは1行で実現できます。
//Convenient
driver.get("https://selenium.dev");
//Longer way
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev");driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/index.html") //Convenient
driver.Url = "https://selenium.dev";
//Longer
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev"); driver.navigate.to 'https://www.selenium.dev/'
driver.get 'https://www.selenium.dev/'
expect(driver.current_url).to eq 'https://www.selenium.dev/' //Convenient
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev');
//Longer way
await driver.navigate().to("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/index.html");//Convenient
driver.get("https://selenium.dev")
//Longer way
driver.navigate().to("https://selenium.dev")
ブラウザーの戻るボタンを押す。
//Back
driver.navigate().back();driver.back() //Back
driver.Navigate().Back(); driver.navigate.back //Back
await driver.navigate().back();driver.navigate().back() ブラウザーの次へボタンを押す。
//Forward
driver.navigate().forward();driver.forward() //Forward
driver.Navigate().Forward(); driver.navigate.forward //Forward
await driver.navigate().forward();driver.navigate().forward()現在のページを更新する。
//Refresh
driver.navigate().refresh();driver.refresh() //Refresh
driver.Navigate().Refresh(); driver.navigate.refresh //Refresh
await driver.navigate().refresh();driver.navigate().refresh()WebDriverは、JavaScriptが提供する3種類のネイティブポップアップメッセージを操作するためのAPIを提供します。 これらのポップアップはブラウザーによってスタイルが設定され、カスタマイズが制限されています。
これらの最も単純なものはアラートと呼ばれ、カスタムメッセージと、ほとんどのブラウザーでOKのラベルが付いたアラートを非表示にする単一のボタンを表示します。 ほとんどのブラウザーでは閉じるボタンを押すことで閉じることもできますが、これは常にOKボタンと同じことを行います。 アラートの例を参照してください。
WebDriverはポップアップからテキストを取得し、これらのアラートを受け入れるか、または閉じることができます。
Alert alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
String text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text, "Sample Alert");
//Press the OK button
alert.accept(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See an example alert")
element.click()
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
text = alert.text
alert.accept()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See an example alert")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert text in a variable
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Get the text of the alert
alert.text
# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
let alertText = await alert.getText();
await alert.accept();//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See an example alert")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert text in a variable
val text = alert.getText()
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
確認ダイアログボックスはアラートに似ていますが、ユーザーがメッセージをキャンセルすることも選択できる点が異なります。 サンプルを確認してください。
この例は、アラートを保存する別の方法も示しています。
alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text, "Are you sure?");
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample confirm")
driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
text = alert.text
alert.dismiss()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample confirm")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Store the alert in a variable
IAlert alert = driver.SwitchTo().Alert();
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
string text = alert.Text;
//Press the Cancel button
alert.Dismiss();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Get the text of the alert
alert.text
# Press on Cancel button
alert.dismiss let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
let alertText = await alert.getText();
await alert.dismiss();//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample confirm")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed
wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Store the alert in a variable
val alert = driver.switchTo().alert()
//Store the alert in a variable for reuse
val text = alert.text
//Press the Cancel button
alert.dismiss()
プロンプトは確認ボックスに似ていますが、テキスト入力も含まれている点が異なります。 フォーム要素の操作と同様に、WebDriverの送信キーを使用して応答を入力できます。 これにより、プレースホルダーテキストが完全に置き換えられます。 キャンセルボタンを押してもテキストは送信されません。 サンプルプロンプトを参照してください。
alert = driver.switchTo().alert();
//Store the alert text in a variable and verify it
text = alert.getText();
assertEquals(text, "What is your name?");
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.accept(); element = driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "See a sample prompt")
driver.execute_script("arguments[0].click();", element)
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, timeout=2)
alert = wait.until(lambda d : d.switch_to.alert)
alert.send_keys("Selenium")
text = alert.text
alert.accept()//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("See a sample prompt")).Click();
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
IAlert alert = wait.Until(ExpectedConditions.AlertIsPresent());
//Type your message
alert.SendKeys("Selenium");
//Press the OK button
alert.Accept();
# Store the alert reference in a variable
alert = driver.switch_to.alert
# Type a message
alert.send_keys('selenium')
# Press on Ok button
alert.accept let alert = await driver.switchTo().alert();
//Type your message
await alert.sendKeys(text);
await alert.accept();//Click the link to activate the alert
driver.findElement(By.linkText("See a sample prompt")).click()
//Wait for the alert to be displayed and store it in a variable
val alert = wait.until(ExpectedConditions.alertIsPresent())
//Type your message
alert.sendKeys("Selenium")
//Press the OK button
alert.accept()
Cookieは、Webサイトから送信され、コンピューターに保存される小さなデータです。 Cookieは、主にユーザーを認識し、保存されている情報を読み込むために使用されます。
WebDriver APIは、組み込みメソッドでCookieと対話するメソッドを提供します。
現在のブラウジングコンテキストにCookieを追加するために使用されます。 Cookieの追加では、一連の定義済みのシリアル化可能なJSONオブジェクトのみを受け入れます。 受け入れられたJSONキー値のリストへのリンクはこちらにあります。
まず、Cookieが有効になるドメインにいる必要があります。 サイトとの対話を開始する前にCookieを事前設定しようとしていて、ホームページが大きい場合/代替の読み込みに時間がかかる場合は、サイトで小さいページを見つけることです。（通常、たとえば http://example.com/some404page のような、404ページは小さいです。）
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
// Add cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("key", "value")); driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "key", "value": "value"}) driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
// Add cookie into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("key", "value"));require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "key", value: "value")
ensure
driver.quit
end
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
// Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("key", "value"))
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
関連付けられているすべてのCookieの中で、Cookie名と一致するシリアル化されたCookieデータを返します。
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
// Add cookie into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookie cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo"); driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "bar"})
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
print(driver.get_cookie("foo")) driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
// Add cookie into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("foo", "bar"));
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
Cookie cookie = driver.Manage().Cookies.GetCookieNamed("foo");require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar")
# Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'foo', value: 'bar' });
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
await driver.manage().getCookie('foo').then(function(cookie) {import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("foo", "bar"))
// Get cookie details with named cookie 'foo'
val cookie = driver.manage().getCookieNamed("foo")
println(cookie)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
現在のブラウジングコンテキストの ‘成功したシリアル化されたCookieデータ’ を返します。 ブラウザが使用できなくなった場合、エラーが返されます。
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
// Add cookies into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get cookies
Set<Cookie> cookies = driver.manage().getCookies();
for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
if (cookie.getName().equals("test1")) {
Assertions.assertEquals(cookie.getValue(), "cookie1");
}
if (cookie.getName().equals("test2")) {
Assertions.assertEquals(cookie.getValue(), "cookie2");
}
} driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Get all available cookies
print(driver.get_cookies()) driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
// Add cookies into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Get cookies
var cookies = driver.Manage().Cookies.AllCookies;
foreach (var cookie in cookies){
if (cookie.Name.Equals("test1")){
Assert.AreEqual("cookie1", cookie.Value);
}
if (cookie.Name.Equals("test2")){
Assert.AreEqual("cookie2", cookie.Value);
}
}require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# Get all available cookies
puts driver.manage.all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
// Get all Available cookies
await driver.manage().getCookies().then(function(cookies) {import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// Get All available cookies
val cookies = driver.manage().cookies
println(cookies)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
指定されたCookie名と一致するCookieデータを削除します。
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
// delete cookie named
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1"); driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Delete cookie with name 'test1'
driver.delete_cookie("test1") driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
// delete cookie named
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteCookieNamed("test1");require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage.delete_cookie('test1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
val cookie1 = Cookie("test2", "cookie2")
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
// delete a cookie with name 'test1'
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed("test1")
// delete cookie by passing cookie object of current browsing context.
driver.manage().deleteCookie(cookie1)
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
現在のブラウジングコンテキストの全てのCookieを削除します。
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html");
// Add cookies into current browser context
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.manage().addCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Delete All cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies(); driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test1", "value": "cookie1"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "test2", "value": "cookie2"})
# Delete all cookies
driver.delete_all_cookies() driver.Url = "https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html";
// Add cookies into current browser context
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test1", "cookie1"));
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(new Cookie("test2", "cookie2"));
// Delete All cookies
driver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies();require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test1", value: "cookie1")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "test2", value: "cookie2")
# deletes all cookies
driver.manage.delete_all_cookies
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.manage().addCookie({ name: 'test2', value: 'cookie2' });
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("https://example.com")
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test1", "cookie1"))
driver.manage().addCookie(Cookie("test2", "cookie2"))
// deletes all cookies
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies()
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
これにより、ユーザーは、サードパーティのサイトによって開始されたリクエストとともに Cookieを送信するかどうかをブラウザに指示できます。 CSRF（クロスサイトリクエストフォージェリ）攻撃を防ぐために導入されました。
SameSite Cookie属性は、2つのパラメーターを命令として受け入れます。
SameSite属性が Strict に設定されている場合、CookieはサードパーティのWebサイトによって 開始されたリクエストとともに送信されません。
CookieのSameSite属性を Lax に設定すると、CookieはサードパーティのWebサイトによって 開始されたGETリクエストとともに送信されます。
Note: As of now this feature is landed in chrome(80+version), Firefox(79+version) and works with Selenium 4 and later versions.
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
public class cookieTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
Cookie cookie = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build();
Cookie cookie1 = new Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build();
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1);
System.out.println(cookie.getSameSite());
System.out.println(cookie1.getSameSite());
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
}
}
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo", "value": "value", "sameSite": "Strict"})
driver.add_cookie({"name": "foo1", "value": "value", "sameSite": "Lax"})
cookie1 = driver.get_cookie("foo")
cookie2 = driver.get_cookie("foo1")
print(cookie1)
print(cookie2)using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
namespace SameSiteCookie {
class SameSiteCookie {
static void Main(string[] args) {
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
try {
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
var cookie1Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test1" }, { "value", "cookie1" }, { "sameSite", "Strict" } };
var cookie1 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie1Dictionary);
var cookie2Dictionary = new System.Collections.Generic.Dictionary<string, object>() {
{ "name", "test2" }, { "value", "cookie2" }, { "sameSite", "Lax" } };
var cookie2 = Cookie.FromDictionary(cookie2Dictionary);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie1);
driver.Manage().Cookies.AddCookie(cookie2);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie1.SameSite);
System.Console.WriteLine(cookie2.SameSite);
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
}
}
}
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://www.example.com'
# Adds the cookie into current browser context with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo", value: "bar", same_site: "Strict")
driver.manage.add_cookie(name: "foo1", value: "bar", same_site: "Lax")
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo')
puts driver.manage.cookie_named('foo1')
ensure
driver.quit
end
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html');
// set a cookie on the current domain with sameSite 'Strict' (or) 'Lax'
import org.openqa.selenium.Cookie
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
try {
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
val cookie = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Strict").build()
val cookie1 = Cookie.Builder("key", "value").sameSite("Lax").build()
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie)
driver.manage().addCookie(cookie1)
println(cookie.getSameSite())
println(cookie1.getSameSite())
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
}
Frameは、同じドメイン上の複数のドキュメントからサイトレイアウトを構築する非推奨の手段となりました。 HTML5以前のWebアプリを使用している場合を除き、frameを使用することはほとんどありません。 iFrameは、まったく異なるドメインからのドキュメントの挿入を許可し、今でも一般的に使用されています。
FrameまたはiFrameを使用する必要がある場合、Webdriverを使用して同じ方法で作業できます。 iFrame内のボタンがある場合を考えてみましょう。ブラウザー開発ツールを使用して要素を検査すると、次のように表示される場合があります。
<div id="modal">
<iframe id="buttonframe" name="myframe" src="https://seleniumhq.github.io">
<button>Click here</button>
</iframe>
</div>
iFrameがなければ、次のようなボタンを使用してボタンをクリックします。
//This won't work
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click();
# This Wont work
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
//This won't work
driver.FindElement(By.TagName("button")).Click();
# This won't work
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// This won't work
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//This won't work
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
ただし、iFrameの外側にボタンがない場合は、代わりにno such elementエラーが発生する可能性があります。 これは、Seleniumがトップレベルのドキュメントの要素のみを認識するために発生します。 ボタンを操作するには、ウィンドウを切り替える方法と同様に、最初にFrameに切り替える必要があります。 WebDriverは、Frameに切り替える3つの方法を提供します。
WebElementを使用した切り替えは、最も柔軟なオプションです。好みのセレクタを使用してFrameを見つけ、それに切り替えることができます。
//switch To IFrame using Web Element
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.id("iframe1"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
assertEquals(true, driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
//Now we can type text into email field
WebElement emailE= driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
emailE.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
emailE.clear(); # Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#modal > iframe")
# switch to selected iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
# Now click on button
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
//switch To IFrame using Web Element
IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.Id("iframe1"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
Assert.AreEqual(true, driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));
//Now we can type text into email field
IWebElement emailE = driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));
emailE.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
emailE.Clear(); # Store iframe web element
iframe = driver.find_element(:css,'#modal > iframe')
# Switch to the frame
driver.switch_to.frame iframe
# Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(:tag_name,'button').click
// Store the web element
const iframe = driver.findElement(By.css('#modal > iframe'));
// Switch to the frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
// Now we can click the button
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//Store the web element
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#modal>iframe"))
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe)
//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
FrameまたはiFrameにidまたはname属性がある場合、代わりにこれを使うことができます。 名前またはIDがページ上で一意でない場合、最初に見つかったものに切り替えます。
//switch To IFrame using name or id
driver.findElement(By.name("iframe1-name"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.switchTo().frame(iframe);
assertEquals(true, driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
WebElement email=driver.findElement(By.id("email"));
//Now we can type text into email field
email.sendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
email.clear(); # Switch frame by id
driver.switch_to.frame('buttonframe')
# Now, Click on the button
driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, 'button').click()
//switch To IFrame using name or id
driver.FindElement(By.Name("iframe1-name"));
//Switch to the frame
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(iframe);
Assert.AreEqual(true, driver.PageSource.Contains("We Leave From Here"));
IWebElement email = driver.FindElement(By.Id("email"));
//Now we can type text into email field
email.SendKeys("admin@selenium.dev");
email.Clear();// Using the ID
await driver.switchTo().frame('buttonframe');
// Or using the name instead
await driver.switchTo().frame('myframe');
// Now we can click the button
await driver.findElement(By.css('button')).click();
//Using the ID
driver.switchTo().frame("buttonframe")
//Or using the name instead
driver.switchTo().frame("myframe")
//Now we can click the button
driver.findElement(By.tagName("button")).click()
JavaScriptの window.frames を使用して照会できるように、Frameのインデックスを使用することもできます。
//switch To IFrame using index
driver.switchTo().frame(0); # Switch to the second frame
driver.switch_to.frame(1)
//switch To IFrame using index
driver.SwitchTo().Frame(0); # switching to second iframe based on index
iframe = driver.find_elements(By.TAG_NAME,'iframe')[1]
# switch to selected iframe
driver.switch_to.frame(iframe)
// Switches to the second frame
await driver.switchTo().frame(1);
// Switches to the second frame
driver.switchTo().frame(1)
iFrameまたはFrameセットを終了するには、次のようにデフォルトのコンテンツに切り替えます。
//leave frame
driver.switchTo().defaultContent(); # switch back to default content
driver.switch_to.default_content()
//leave frame
driver.SwitchTo().DefaultContent(); # Return to the top level
driver.switch_to.default_content
// Return to the top level
await driver.switchTo().defaultContent();
// Return to the top level
driver.switchTo().defaultContent()
Printing a webpage is a common task, whether for sharing information or maintaining archives. Selenium simplifies this process through its PrintOptions, PrintsPage, and browsingContext classes, which provide a flexible and intuitive interface for automating the printing of web pages. These classes enable you to configure printing preferences, such as page layout, margins, and scaling, ensuring that the output meets your specific requirements.
Using the getOrientation() and setOrientation() methods, you can get/set the page orientation — either PORTRAIT or LANDSCAPE.
public void TestOrientation()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setOrientation(PrintOptions.Orientation.LANDSCAPE);
PrintOptions.Orientation current_orientation = printOptions.getOrientation();
} public void TestOrientation()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.Orientation = PrintOrientation.Landscape;
PrintOrientation currentOrientation = printOptions.Orientation;
}def test_orientation(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.orientation = "landscape" ## landscape or portrait
assert print_options.orientation == "landscape"Using the getPageRanges() and setPageRanges() methods, you can get/set the range of pages to print — e.g. “2-4”.
public void TestRange()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
String[] current_range = printOptions.getPageRanges();
} public void TestRange()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://selenium.dev");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.AddPageRangeToPrint("1-3"); // add range of pages
printOptions.AddPageToPrint(5); // add individual page
} def test_range(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ["1, 2, 3"] ## ["1", "2", "3"] or ["1-3"]
assert print_options.page_ranges == ["1, 2, 3"]Using the getPaperSize() and setPaperSize() methods, you can get/set the paper size to print — e.g. “A0”, “A6”, “Legal”, “Tabloid”, etc.
public void TestSize()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setScale(.50);
double current_scale = printOptions.getScale();
} public void TestSize()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PrintOptions.PageSize currentDimensions = printOptions.PageDimensions;
}def test_size(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.scale = 0.5 ## 0.1 to 2.0``
assert print_options.scale == 0.5Using the getPageMargin() and setPageMargin() methods, you can set the margin sizes of the page you wish to print — i.e. top, bottom, left, and right margins.
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PageMargin margins = new PageMargin(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
printOptions.setPageMargin(margins);
double topMargin = margins.getTop();
double bottomMargin = margins.getBottom();
double leftMargin = margins.getLeft();
double rightMargin = margins.getRight();
} public void TestMargins()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PrintOptions.Margins currentMargins = printOptions.PageMargins;
}def test_margin(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.margin_top = 10
print_options.margin_bottom = 10
print_options.margin_left = 10
print_options.margin_right = 10
assert print_options.margin_top == 10
assert print_options.margin_bottom == 10
assert print_options.margin_left == 10
assert print_options.margin_right == 10Using getScale() and setScale() methods, you can get/set the scale of the page you wish to print — e.g. 1.0 is 100% or default, 0.25 is 25%, etc.
public void TestScale()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setScale(.50);
double current_scale = printOptions.getScale();
} public void TestScale()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.ScaleFactor = 0.5;
double currentScale = printOptions.ScaleFactor;
}def test_scale(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.scale = 0.5 ## 0.1 to 2.0
current_scale = print_options.scale
assert current_scale == 0.5Using getBackground() and setBackground() methods, you can get/set whether background colors and images appear — boolean true or false.
public void TestBackground()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setBackground(true);
boolean current_background = printOptions.getBackground();
} public void TestBackgrounds()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.OutputBackgroundImages = true;
bool currentBackgrounds = printOptions.OutputBackgroundImages;
}def test_background(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.background = True ## True or False
assert print_options.background is TrueUsing getShrinkToFit() and setShrinkToFit() methods, you can get/set whether the page will shrink-to-fit content on the page — boolean true or false.
public void TestShrinkToFit()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setShrinkToFit(true);
boolean current_shrink_to_fit = printOptions.getShrinkToFit();
} public void TestShrinkToFit()
{
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.ShrinkToFit = true;
bool currentShrinkToFit = printOptions.ShrinkToFit;
}def test_shrink_to_fit(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.shrink_to_fit = True ## True or False
assert print_options.shrink_to_fit is TrueOnce you’ve configured your PrintOptions, you’re ready to print the page. To do this,
you can invoke the print function, which generates a PDF representation of the web page.
The resulting PDF can be saved to your local storage for further use or distribution.
Using PrintsPage(), the print command will return the PDF data in base64-encoded format, which can be decoded
and written to a file in your desired location, and using BrowsingContext() will return a String.
There may currently be multiple implementations depending on your language of choice. For example, with Java you
have the ability to print using either BrowingContext() or PrintsPage(). Both take PrintOptions() objects as a
parameter.
Note: BrowsingContext() is part of Selenium’s BiDi implementation. To enable BiDi see Enabling Bidi
PrintsPage()
public void PrintWithPrintsPageTest()
{
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintsPage printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
Pdf printedPage = printer.print(printOptions);
Assertions.assertNotNull(printedPage);
}BrowsingContext()
public void PrintWithBrowsingContextTest()
{
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
String printPage = browsingContext.print(printOptions);
Assertions.assertTrue(printPage.length() > 0);
} public void PrintWithPrintsPageTest()
{
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("https://www.selenium.dev/");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
PrintDocument printedPage = driver.Print(printOptions);
Assert.IsTrue(printedPage.AsBase64EncodedString.StartsWith("JVBER"));
}print_page()
def test_prints_page(driver):
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/")
print_options = PrintOptions()
pdf = driver.print_page(print_options)
assert len(pdf) > 0WebDriverは、ウィンドウとタブを区別しません。 サイトが新しいタブまたはウィンドウを開く場合、Seleniumはウィンドウハンドルを使って連動します。 各ウィンドウには一意の識別子があり、これは単一のセッションで持続します。 次のコードを使用して、現在のウィンドウのウィンドウハンドルを取得できます。
// Navigate to Url
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html");
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle=driver.getWindowHandle();
assertNotNull(currHandle);driver.current_window_handle // Navigate to Url
driver.Url="https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/window_switching_tests/page_with_frame.html";
//fetch handle of this
String currHandle = driver.CurrentWindowHandle;
Assert.IsNotNull(currHandle);driver.window_handleawait driver.getWindowHandle();driver.windowHandle新しいウィンドウで開くリンクをクリックすると、新しいウィンドウまたはタブが画面にフォーカスされますが、WebDriverはオペレーティングシステムがアクティブと見なすウィンドウを認識しません。 新しいウィンドウで作業するには、それに切り替える必要があります。 開いているタブまたはウィンドウが2つしかなく、どちらのウィンドウから開始するかがわかっている場合、削除のプロセスによって、WebDriverが表示できる両方のウィンドウまたはタブをループし、元のウィンドウまたはタブに切り替えることができます。
ただし、Selenium 4には、新しいタブ（または）新しいウィンドウを作成して自動的に切り替える新しいAPI NewWindow が用意されています。
//click on link to open a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Open new window")).click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
Object[] windowHandles=driver.getWindowHandles().toArray();
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title=driver.getTitle();
assertEquals("Simple Page",title);from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC
# Start the driver
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# Open URL
driver.get("https://seleniumhq.github.io")
# Setup wait for later
wait = WebDriverWait(driver, 10)
# Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.current_window_handle
# Check we don't have other windows open already
assert len(driver.window_handles) == 1
# Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, "new window").click()
# Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(EC.number_of_windows_to_be(2))
# Loop through until we find a new window handle
for window_handle in driver.window_handles:
if window_handle != original_window:
driver.switch_to.window(window_handle)
break
# Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(EC.title_is("SeleniumHQ Browser Automation"))
//click on link to open a new window
driver.FindElement(By.LinkText("Open new window")).Click();
//fetch handles of all windows, there will be two, [0]- default, [1] - new window
IList<string> windowHandles = new List<string>(driver.WindowHandles);
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[1]);
//assert on title of new window
String title = driver.Title;
Assert.AreEqual("Simple Page", title); #Store the ID of the original window
original_window = driver.window_handle
#Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.window_handles.length == 1, 'Expected one window')
#Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.find_element(link: 'new window').click
#Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until { driver.window_handles.length == 2 }
#Loop through until we find a new window handle
driver.window_handles.each do |handle|
if handle != original_window
driver.switch_to.window handle
break
end
end
#Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until { driver.title == 'Selenium documentation'}
//Store the ID of the original window
const originalWindow = await driver.getWindowHandle();
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert((await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 1);
//Click the link which opens in a new window
await driver.findElement(By.linkText('new window')).click();
//Wait for the new window or tab
await driver.wait(
async () => (await driver.getAllWindowHandles()).length === 2,
10000
);
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
const windows = await driver.getAllWindowHandles();
windows.forEach(async handle => {
if (handle !== originalWindow) {
await driver.switchTo().window(handle);
}
});
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
await driver.wait(until.titleIs('Selenium documentation'), 10000);
//Store the ID of the original window
val originalWindow = driver.getWindowHandle()
//Check we don't have other windows open already
assert(driver.getWindowHandles().size() === 1)
//Click the link which opens in a new window
driver.findElement(By.linkText("new window")).click()
//Wait for the new window or tab
wait.until(numberOfWindowsToBe(2))
//Loop through until we find a new window handle
for (windowHandle in driver.getWindowHandles()) {
if (!originalWindow.contentEquals(windowHandle)) {
driver.switchTo().window(windowHandle)
break
}
}
//Wait for the new tab to finish loading content
wait.until(titleIs("Selenium documentation"))
ウィンドウまたはタブでの作業が終了し、 かつ ブラウザーで最後に開いたウィンドウまたはタブではない場合、それを閉じて、以前使用していたウィンドウに切り替える必要があります。 前のセクションのコードサンプルに従ったと仮定すると、変数に前のウィンドウハンドルが格納されます。 これをまとめると以下のようになります。
//closing current window
driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window((String) windowHandles[0]); #Close the tab or window
driver.close()
#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window(original_window)
//closing current window
driver.Close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.SwitchTo().Window(windowHandles[0]); #Close the tab or window
driver.close
#Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switch_to.window original_window
//Close the tab or window
await driver.close();
//Switch back to the old tab or window
await driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow);
//Close the tab or window
driver.close()
//Switch back to the old tab or window
driver.switchTo().window(originalWindow)
ウィンドウを閉じた後に別のウィンドウハンドルに切り替えるのを忘れると、現在閉じられているページでWebDriverが実行されたままになり、 No Such Window Exception が発行されます。実行を継続するには、有効なウィンドウハンドルに切り替える必要があります。
新しいウィンドウ（または）タブを作成し、画面上の新しいウィンドウまたはタブにフォーカスします。 新しいウィンドウ（または）タブを使用するように切り替える必要はありません。 新しいウィンドウ以外に3つ以上のウィンドウ（または）タブを開いている場合、WebDriverが表示できる両方のウィンドウまたはタブをループして、元のものではないものに切り替えることができます。
注意: この機能は、Selenium 4以降のバージョンで機能します。
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle());
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW);
assertEquals("",driver.getTitle()); # Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switch_to.new_window('tab')
# Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switch_to.new_window('window')
//Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Tab);
Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);
//Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.SwitchTo().NewWindow(WindowType.Window);
Assert.AreEqual("", driver.Title);Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switch_to.new_window(:tab)Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switch_to.new_window(:window) await driver.switchTo().newWindow('tab'); await driver.switchTo().newWindow('window');// Opens a new tab and switches to new tab
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB)
// Opens a new window and switches to new window
driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW)
ブラウザーセッションを終了したら、closeではなく、quitを呼び出す必要があります。
//quitting driver
driver.quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quit() //quitting driver
driver.Quit(); //close all windowsdriver.quitawait driver.quit();driver.quit()quitの呼び出しに失敗すると、余分なバックグラウンドプロセスとポートがマシン上で実行されたままになり、後で問題が発生する可能性があります。
一部のテストフレームワークでは、テストの終了時にフックできるメソッドとアノテーションを提供しています。
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
public static void tearDown() {
driver.quit();
}
# unittest teardown
# https://docs.python.org/3/library/unittest.html?highlight=teardown#unittest.TestCase.tearDown
def tearDown(self):
self.driver.quit()
/*
Example using Visual Studio's UnitTesting
https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/microsoft.visualstudio.testtools.unittesting.aspx
*/
[TestCleanup]
public void TearDown()
{
driver.Quit();
}
# UnitTest Teardown
# https://www.rubydoc.info/github/test-unit/test-unit/Test/Unit/TestCase
def teardown
@driver.quit
end
/**
* Example using Mocha
* https://mochajs.org/#hooks
*/
after('Tear down', async function () {
await driver.quit();
});
/**
* Example using JUnit
* https://junit.org/junit5/docs/current/api/org/junit/jupiter/api/AfterAll.html
*/
@AfterAll
fun tearDown() {
driver.quit()
}
テストコンテキストでWebDriverを実行していない場合は、ほとんどの言語で提供されている try / finally の使用を検討して、例外がWebDriverセッションをクリーンアップするようにします。
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.quit();
}
try:
#WebDriver code here...
finally:
driver.quit()
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.Quit();
}
begin
#WebDriver code here...
ensure
driver.quit
end
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
await driver.quit();
}
try {
//WebDriver code here...
} finally {
driver.quit()
}
PythonのWebDriverは、pythonコンテキストマネージャーをサポートするようになりました。 withキーワードを使用すると、実行終了時にドライバーを自動的に終了できます。
with webdriver.Firefox() as driver:
# WebDriver code here...
# WebDriver will automatically quit after indentation
画面解像度はWebアプリケーションのレンダリング方法に影響を与える可能性があるため、WebDriverはブラウザーウィンドウを移動およびサイズ変更するメカニズムを提供します。
ブラウザーウィンドウのサイズをピクセル単位で取得します。
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.manage().window().getSize().getWidth();
int height = driver.manage().window().getSize().getHeight();
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Dimension size = driver.manage().window().getSize();
int width1 = size.getWidth();
int height1 = size.getHeight();
# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.get_window_size().get("width")
height = driver.get_window_size().get("height")
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.get_window_size()
width1 = size.get("width")
height1 = size.get("height")
//Access each dimension individually
int width = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Width;
int height = driver.Manage().Window.Size.Height;
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
System.Drawing.Size size = driver.Manage().Window.Size;
int width1 = size.Width;
int height1 = size.Height;
# Access each dimension individually
width = driver.manage.window.size.width
height = driver.manage.window.size.height
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
size = driver.manage.window.size
width1 = size.width
height1 = size.height
const { width, height } = await driver.manage().window().getRect(); const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const windowWidth = rect.width;
const windowHeight = rect.height;//Access each dimension individually
val width = driver.manage().window().size.width
val height = driver.manage().window().size.height
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
val size = driver.manage().window().size
val width1 = size.width
val height1 = size.height
ウィンドウを復元し、ウィンドウサイズを設定します。
driver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(1024, 768));driver.set_window_size(1024, 768)driver.Manage().Window.Size = new Size(1024, 768);driver.manage.window.resize_to(1024,768)await driver.manage().window().setRect({ width: 1024, height: 768 });driver.manage().window().size = Dimension(1024, 768)ブラウザーウィンドウの左上の座標を取得します。
// Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getX();
int y = driver.manage().window().getPosition().getY();
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.manage().window().getPosition();
int x1 = position.getX();
int y1 = position.getY();
# Access each dimension individually
x = driver.get_window_position().get('x')
y = driver.get_window_position().get('y')
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
position = driver.get_window_position()
x1 = position.get('x')
y1 = position.get('y')
//Access each dimension individually
int x = driver.Manage().Window.Position.X;
int y = driver.Manage().Window.Position.Y;
//Or store the dimensions and query them later
Point position = driver.Manage().Window.Position;
int x1 = position.X;
int y1 = position.Y;
#Access each dimension individually
x = driver.manage.window.position.x
y = driver.manage.window.position.y
# Or store the dimensions and query them later
rect = driver.manage.window.rect
x1 = rect.x
y1 = rect.y
const { x, y } = await driver.manage().window().getRect(); const rect = await driver.manage().window().getRect();
const x1 = rect.x;
const y1 = rect.y;// Access each dimension individually
val x = driver.manage().window().position.x
val y = driver.manage().window().position.y
// Or store the dimensions and query them later
val position = driver.manage().window().position
val x1 = position.x
val y1 = position.y
## ウィンドウの位置設定
選択した位置にウィンドウを移動します。
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(0, 0));
# Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.set_window_position(0, 0)
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.Manage().Window.Position = new Point(0, 0);
driver.manage.window.move_to(0,0)
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
await driver.manage().window().setRect({ x: 0, y: 0 });
// Move the window to the top left of the primary monitor
driver.manage().window().position = Point(0,0)
ウィンドウを拡大します。ほとんどのオペレーティングシステムでは、オペレーティングシステムのメニューとツールバーをブロックすることなく、ウィンドウが画面いっぱいに表示されます。
driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.maximize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Maximize();driver.manage.window.maximizeawait driver.manage().window().maximize();driver.manage().window().maximize()現在のブラウジングコンテキストのウィンドウを最小化します。 このコマンドの正確な動作は、個々のウィンドウマネージャーに固有のものです。
ウィンドウを最小化すると、通常、システムトレイのウィンドウが非表示になります。
注：この機能は、Selenium 4以降のバージョンで機能します。
driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.minimize_window()driver.Manage().Window.Minimize();driver.manage.window.minimizeawait driver.manage().window().minimize();driver.manage().window().minimize()ほとんどのブラウザーでF11を押すのと同じように、画面全体に表示されます。
driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.fullscreen_window()driver.Manage().Window.FullScreen();driver.manage.window.full_screenawait driver.manage().window().fullscreen();driver.manage().window().fullscreen()現在のブラウジング コンテキストのスクリーンショットをキャプチャするために使います。
WebDriver エンドポイントの スクリーンショット は、
Base64 形式でエンコードされたスクリーンショットを返します。
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
public class SeleniumTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("http://www.example.com");
File scrFile = ((TakesScreenshot)driver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit() using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
Screenshot screenshot = (driver as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
screenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot.png", ScreenshotImageFormat.Png); // Format values are Bmp, Gif, Jpeg, Png, Tiff
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
# Takes and Stores the screenshot in specified path
driver.save_screenshot('./image.png')
end
// Captures the screenshot
let encodedString = await driver.takeScreenshot();
// save screenshot as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
import com.oracle.tools.packager.IOUtils.copyFile
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import java.io.File
fun main(){
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val scrFile = (driver as TakesScreenshot).getScreenshotAs<File>(OutputType.FILE)
copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
現在のブラウジング コンテキストの要素のスクリーンショットをキャプチャするために使います。 WebDriver エンドポイントの スクリーンショット は、 Base64 形式でエンコードされたスクリーンショットを返します。
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils;
import org.openqa.selenium.*;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.IOException;
public class SeleniumelementTakeScreenshot {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException {
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.get("https://www.example.com");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"));
File scrFile = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, new File("./image.png"));
driver.quit();
}
}
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
# Navigate to url
driver.get("http://www.example.com")
ele = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, 'h1')
# Returns and base64 encoded string into image
ele.screenshot('./image.png')
driver.quit()
using OpenQA.Selenium;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Chrome;
using OpenQA.Selenium.Support.UI;
// Webdriver
var driver = new ChromeDriver();
driver.Navigate().GoToUrl("http://www.example.com");
// Fetch element using FindElement
var webElement = driver.FindElement(By.CssSelector("h1"));
// Screenshot for the element
var elementScreenshot = (webElement as ITakesScreenshot).GetScreenshot();
elementScreenshot.SaveAsFile("screenshot_of_element.png");
# Works with Selenium4-alpha7 Ruby bindings and above
require 'selenium-webdriver'
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :chrome
begin
driver.get 'https://example.com/'
ele = driver.find_element(:css, 'h1')
# Takes and Stores the element screenshot in specified path
ele.save_screenshot('./image.jpg')
end
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Captures the element screenshot
let encodedString = await header.takeScreenshot(true);
// save screenshot as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./image.png', encodedString, 'base64');
import org.apache.commons.io.FileUtils
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver
import org.openqa.selenium.*
import java.io.File
fun main() {
val driver = ChromeDriver()
driver.get("https://www.example.com")
val element = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
val scrFile: File = element.getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE)
FileUtils.copyFile(scrFile, File("./image.png"))
driver.quit()
}
選択したフレームまたはウィンドウの現在のコンテキストで、JavaScript コードスニペットを実行します。
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
JavascriptExecutor js = (JavascriptExecutor)driver;
//Button Element
WebElement button =driver.findElement(By.name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.executeScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String) js.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.executeScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "h1")
# Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
driver.execute_script('return arguments[0].innerText', header)
//creating Chromedriver instance
IWebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
//Creating the JavascriptExecutor interface object by Type casting
IJavaScriptExecutor js = (IJavaScriptExecutor) driver;
//Button Element
IWebElement button = driver.FindElement(By.Name("btnLogin"));
//Executing JavaScript to click on element
js.ExecuteScript("arguments[0].click();", button);
//Get return value from script
String text = (String)js.ExecuteScript("return arguments[0].innerText", button);
//Executing JavaScript directly
js.ExecuteScript("console.log('hello world')");
# Stores the header element
header = driver.find_element(css: 'h1')
# Get return value from script
result = driver.execute_script("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
# Executing JavaScript directly
driver.execute_script("alert('hello world')")
// Stores the header element
let header = await driver.findElement(By.css('h1'));
// Executing JavaScript to capture innerText of header element
let text = await driver.executeScript('return arguments[0].innerText', header);// Stores the header element
val header = driver.findElement(By.cssSelector("h1"))
// Get return value from script
val result = driver.executeScript("return arguments[0].innerText", header)
// Executing JavaScript directly
driver.executeScript("alert('hello world')")
ブラウザ内の現在のページを印刷します。
Note: Chromium ブラウザがヘッドレスモードである必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.print.PrintOptions;
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev");
printer = (PrintsPage) driver;
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2");
Pdf pdf = printer.print(printOptions);
String content = pdf.getContent();
from selenium.webdriver.common.print_page_options import PrintOptions
print_options = PrintOptions()
print_options.page_ranges = ['1-2']
driver.get("printPage.html")
base64code = driver.print_page(print_options)
// code sample not available please raise a PR
driver.navigate_to 'https://www.selenium.dev'
base64encodedContent = driver.print_page(orientation: 'landscape')
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html');
let base64 = await driver.printPage({pageRanges: ["1-2"]});
// page can be saved as a PDF as below
// await fs.writeFileSync('./test.pdf', base64, 'base64');
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev")
val printer = driver as PrintsPage
val printOptions = PrintOptions()
printOptions.setPageRanges("1-2")
val pdf: Pdf = printer.print(printOptions)
val content = pdf.content
Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
Web applications can enable a public key-based authentication mechanism known as Web Authentication to authenticate users in a passwordless manner. Web Authentication defines APIs that allows a user to create a public-key credential and register it with an authenticator. An authenticator can be a hardware device or a software entity that stores user’s public-key credentials and retrieves them on request.
As the name suggests, Virtual Authenticator emulates such authenticators for testing.
A Virtual Authenticatior has a set of properties. These properties are mapped as VirtualAuthenticatorOptions in the Selenium bindings.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true)
.setHasUserVerification(true)
.setIsUserConsenting(true)
.setTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false); // Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserConsenting(true)
.SetTransport(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB)
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.is_user_verified = True
options.has_user_verification = True
options.is_user_consenting = True
options.transport = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Transport.USB
options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F
options.has_resident_key = False options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserConsenting(true);
options.setTransport(Transport['USB']);
options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
assert(Object.keys(options).length === 6);It creates a new virtual authenticator with the provided properties.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options); // Create virtual authenticator options
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials(); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.protocol = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F
options.has_resident_key = False
# Register a virtual authenticator
driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options) options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
// Register a virtual authenticator
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);Removes the previously added virtual authenticator.
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).removeVirtualAuthenticator(authenticator); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
String virtualAuthenticatorId = ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveVirtualAuthenticator(virtualAuthenticatorId); options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
# Register a virtual authenticator
driver.add_virtual_authenticator(options)
# Remove virtual authenticator
driver.remove_virtual_authenticator() await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
await driver.removeVirtualAuthenticator();Creates a resident (stateful) credential with the given required credential parameters.
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0); byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0); # parameters for Resident Credential
credential_id = bytearray({1, 2, 3, 4})
rp_id = "localhost"
user_handle = bytearray({1})
privatekey = urlsafe_b64decode(BASE64__ENCODED_PK)
sign_count = 0
# create a resident credential using above parameters
resident_credential = Credential.create_resident_credential(credential_id, rp_id, user_handle, privatekey, sign_count) options.setProtocol(Protocol['CTAP2']);
options.setHasResidentKey(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let residentCredential = new Credential().createResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
new Uint8Array([1]),
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(residentCredential);Creates a resident (stateless) credential with the given required credential parameters.
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0); byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0); # parameters for Non Resident Credential
credential_id = bytearray({1, 2, 3, 4})
rp_id = "localhost"
privatekey = urlsafe_b64decode(BASE64__ENCODED_PK)
sign_count = 0
# create a non resident credential using above parameters
credential = Credential.create_non_resident_credential(credential_id, rp_id, privatekey, sign_count) let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(base64EncodedPK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);Registers the credential with the authenticator.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.setHasResidentKey(false);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", ec256PrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(nonResidentCredential); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.U2F)
.SetHasResidentKey(false);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential); driver.add_credential(credential) options.setProtocol(Protocol['U2F']);
options.setHasResidentKey(false);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(base64EncodedPK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);Returns the list of credentials owned by the authenticator.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setProtocol(VirtualAuthenticatorOptions.Protocol.CTAP2)
.setHasResidentKey(true)
.setHasUserVerification(true)
.setIsUserVerified(true);
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator = ((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
byte[] userHandle = {1};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, userHandle, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = authenticator.getCredentials(); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetProtocol(Protocol.CTAP2)
.SetHasResidentKey(true)
.SetHasUserVerification(true)
.SetIsUserVerified(true);
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(options);
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
byte[] userHandle = { 1 };
Credential residentCredential = Credential.CreateResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedPK, userHandle, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(residentCredential);
List<Credential> credentialList = ((WebDriver)driver).GetCredentials(); credential_list = driver.get_credentials() options.setProtocol(Protocol['CTAP2']);
options.setHasResidentKey(true);
options.setHasUserVerification(true);
options.setIsUserVerified(true);
await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let residentCredential = new Credential().createResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
new Uint8Array([1]),
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(residentCredential);
let credentialList = await driver.getCredentials();Removes a credential from the authenticator based on the passed credential id.
((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveCredential(credentialId); VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential credential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, 0);
authenticator.addCredential(credential);
authenticator.removeCredential(credentialId); driver.remove_credential(credential.id)Removes all the credentials from the authenticator.
VirtualAuthenticator authenticator =
((HasVirtualAuthenticator) driver).addVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Credential residentCredential = Credential.createNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", rsaPrivateKey, /*signCount=*/0);
authenticator.addCredential(residentCredential);
authenticator.removeAllCredentials(); ((WebDriver)driver).AddVirtualAuthenticator(new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions());
byte[] credentialId = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };
Credential nonResidentCredential = Credential.CreateNonResidentCredential(
credentialId, "localhost", base64EncodedEC256PK, 0);
((WebDriver)driver).AddCredential(nonResidentCredential);
((WebDriver)driver).RemoveAllCredentials(); driver.remove_all_credentials() await driver.addVirtualAuthenticator(options);
let nonResidentCredential = new Credential().createNonResidentCredential(
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4]),
'localhost',
Buffer.from(BASE64_ENCODED_PK, 'base64').toString('binary'),
0);
await driver.addCredential(nonResidentCredential);
await driver.removeAllCredentials();Sets whether the authenticator will simulate success or fail on user verification.
VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.setIsUserVerified(true); VirtualAuthenticatorOptions options = new VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
.SetIsUserVerified(true); # Create virtual authenticator options
options = VirtualAuthenticatorOptions()
options.is_user_verified = True options.setIsUserVerified(true);In addition to the high-level element interactions, the Actions API provides granular control over exactly what designated input devices can do. Selenium provides an interface for 3 kinds of input sources: a key input for keyboard devices, a pointer input for a mouse, pen or touch devices, and wheel inputs for scroll wheel devices (introduced in Selenium 4.2). Selenium allows you to construct individual action commands assigned to specific inputs and chain them together and call the associated perform method to execute them all at once.
In the move from the legacy JSON Wire Protocol to the new W3C WebDriver Protocol, the low level building blocks of actions became especially detailed. It is extremely powerful, but each input device has a number of ways to use it and if you need to manage more than one device, you are responsible for ensuring proper synchronization between them.
Thankfully, you likely do not need to learn how to use the low level commands directly, since almost everything you might want to do has been given a convenience method that combines the lower level commands for you. These are all documented in keyboard, mouse, pen, and wheel pages.
Pointer movements and Wheel scrolling allow the user to set a duration for the action, but sometimes you just need to wait a beat between actions for things to work correctly.
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(clickable)
.pause(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.clickAndHold()
.pause(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.sendKeys("abc")
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "clickable")
ActionChains(driver)\
.move_to_element(clickable)\
.pause(1)\
.click_and_hold()\
.pause(1)\
.send_keys("abc")\
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.MoveToElement(clickable)
.Pause(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1))
.ClickAndHold()
.Pause(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(1))
.SendKeys("abc")
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'clickable')
driver.action
.move_to(clickable)
.pause(duration: 1)
.click_and_hold
.pause(duration: 1)
.send_keys('abc')
.perform const clickable = await driver.findElement(By.id('clickable'))
await driver.actions()
.move({ origin: clickable })
.pause(1000)
.press()
.pause(1000)
.sendKeys('abc')
.perform()
val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"))
Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(clickable)
.pause(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.clickAndHold()
.pause(Duration.ofSeconds(1))
.sendKeys("abc")
.perform() An important thing to note is that the driver remembers the state of all the input items throughout a session. Even if you create a new instance of an actions class, the depressed keys and the location of the pointer will be in whatever state a previously performed action left them.
There is a special method to release all currently depressed keys and pointer buttons. This method is implemented differently in each of the languages because it does not get executed with the perform method.
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).resetInputState(); ActionBuilder(driver).clear_actions() ((WebDriver)driver).ResetInputState(); driver.action.release_actions await driver.actions().clear()
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).resetInputState()There are only 2 actions that can be accomplished with a keyboard: pressing down on a key, and releasing a pressed key. In addition to supporting ASCII characters, each keyboard key has a representation that can be pressed or released in designated sequences.
In addition to the keys represented by regular unicode, unicode values have been assigned to other keyboard keys for use with Selenium. Each language has its own way to reference these keys; the full list can be found here.
new Actions(driver)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("a")
.perform(); ActionChains(driver)\
.key_down(Keys.SHIFT)\
.send_keys("abc")\
.perform() .KeyDown(Keys.Shift)
.SendKeys("a")
.Perform();
driver.action
.key_down(:shift)
.send_keys('a')
.perform await driver.actions()
.keyDown(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys('a')
.perform()
Actions(driver)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("a")
.perform() new Actions(driver)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("a")
.keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("b")
.perform(); ActionChains(driver)\
.key_down(Keys.SHIFT)\
.send_keys("a")\
.key_up(Keys.SHIFT)\
.send_keys("b")\
.perform() new Actions(driver)
.KeyDown(Keys.Shift)
.SendKeys("a")
.KeyUp(Keys.Shift)
.SendKeys("b")
.Perform(); driver.action
.key_down(:shift)
.send_keys('a')
.key_up(:shift)
.send_keys('b')
.perform await driver.actions()
.keyDown(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys('a')
.keyUp(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys('b')
.perform()
Actions(driver)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("a")
.keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys("b")
.perform()This is a convenience method in the Actions API that combines keyDown and keyUp commands in one action. Executing this command differs slightly from using the element method, but primarily this gets used when needing to type multiple characters in the middle of other actions.
new Actions(driver)
.sendKeys("abc")
.perform(); ActionChains(driver)\
.send_keys("abc")\
.perform()
new Actions(driver)
.SendKeys("abc") driver.action
.send_keys('abc')
.perform await driver.actions()
.sendKeys('abc')
.perform()
Actions(driver)
.sendKeys("abc")
.perform() new Actions(driver)
.sendKeys(textField, "Selenium!")
.perform();
text_input = driver.find_element(By.ID, "textInput")
ActionChains(driver)\
.send_keys_to_element(text_input, "abc")\
.perform() driver.FindElement(By.TagName("body")).Click();
IWebElement textField = driver.FindElement(By.Id("textInput"));
new Actions(driver) text_field = driver.find_element(id: 'textInput')
driver.action
.send_keys(text_field, 'Selenium!')
.perform const textField = await driver.findElement(By.id('textInput'))
await driver.actions()
.sendKeys(textField, 'abc')
.perform()
val textField = driver.findElement(By.id("textInput"))
Actions(driver)
.sendKeys(textField, "Selenium!")
.perform()Here’s an example of using all of the above methods to conduct a copy / paste action.
Note that the key to use for this operation will be different depending on if it is a Mac OS or not.
This code will end up with the text: SeleniumSelenium!
Keys cmdCtrl = Platform.getCurrent().is(Platform.MAC) ? Keys.COMMAND : Keys.CONTROL;
WebElement textField = driver.findElement(By.id("textInput"));
new Actions(driver)
.sendKeys(textField, "Selenium!")
.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_LEFT)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_UP)
.keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
.keyDown(cmdCtrl)
.sendKeys("xvv")
.keyUp(cmdCtrl)
.perform();
Assertions.assertEquals("SeleniumSelenium!", textField.getAttribute("value")); cmd_ctrl = Keys.COMMAND if sys.platform == 'darwin' else Keys.CONTROL
ActionChains(driver)\
.send_keys("Selenium!")\
.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_LEFT)\
.key_down(Keys.SHIFT)\
.send_keys(Keys.ARROW_UP)\
.key_up(Keys.SHIFT)\
.key_down(cmd_ctrl)\
.send_keys("xvv")\
.key_up(cmd_ctrl)\
.perform()
var capabilities = ((WebDriver)driver).Capabilities;
String platformName = (string)capabilities.GetCapability("platformName");
String cmdCtrl = platformName.Contains("mac") ? Keys.Command : Keys.Control;
new Actions(driver)
.SendKeys("Selenium!")
.SendKeys(Keys.ArrowLeft)
.KeyDown(Keys.Shift)
.SendKeys(Keys.ArrowUp) cmd_ctrl = driver.capabilities.platform_name.include?('mac') ? :command : :control
driver.action
.send_keys('Selenium!')
.send_keys(:arrow_left)
.key_down(:shift)
.send_keys(:arrow_up)
.key_up(:shift)
.key_down(cmd_ctrl)
.send_keys('xvv')
.key_up(cmd_ctrl)
.perform const cmdCtrl = platform.includes('darwin') ? Key.COMMAND : Key.CONTROL
await driver.actions()
.click(textField)
.sendKeys('Selenium!')
.sendKeys(Key.ARROW_LEFT)
.keyDown(Key.SHIFT)
.sendKeys(Key.ARROW_UP)
.keyUp(Key.SHIFT)
.keyDown(cmdCtrl)
.sendKeys('xvv')
.keyUp(cmdCtrl)
.perform()
val cmdCtrl = if(platformName == Platform.MAC) Keys.COMMAND else Keys.CONTROL
val textField = driver.findElement(By.id("textInput"))
Actions(driver)
.sendKeys(textField, "Selenium!")
.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_LEFT)
.keyDown(Keys.SHIFT)
.sendKeys(Keys.ARROW_UP)
.keyUp(Keys.SHIFT)
.keyDown(cmdCtrl)
.sendKeys("xvv")
.keyUp(cmdCtrl)
.perform()There are only 3 actions that can be accomplished with a mouse: pressing down on a button, releasing a pressed button, and moving the mouse. Selenium provides convenience methods that combine these actions in the most common ways.
This method combines moving the mouse to the center of an element with pressing the left mouse button. This is useful for focusing a specific element:
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.clickAndHold(clickable)
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "clickable")
ActionChains(driver) \
.click_and_hold(clickable) \
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.ClickAndHold(clickable)
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'clickable')
driver.action
.click_and_hold(clickable)
.perform let clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({origin: clickable}).press().perform(); val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"))
Actions(driver)
.clickAndHold(clickable)
.perform()This method combines moving to the center of an element with pressing and releasing the left mouse button. This is otherwise known as “clicking”:
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("click"));
new Actions(driver)
.click(clickable)
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "click")
ActionChains(driver) \
.click(clickable) \
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("click"));
new Actions(driver)
.Click(clickable)
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'click')
driver.action
.click(clickable)
.perform let click = driver.findElement(By.id("click"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({origin: click}).click().perform(); val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("click"))
Actions(driver)
.click(clickable)
.perform()There are a total of 5 defined buttons for a Mouse:
This method combines moving to the center of an element with pressing and releasing the right mouse button (button 2). This is otherwise known as “right-clicking”:
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.contextClick(clickable)
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "clickable")
ActionChains(driver) \
.context_click(clickable) \
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.ContextClick(clickable)
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'clickable')
driver.action
.context_click(clickable)
.perform const clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.contextClick(clickable).perform(); val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"))
Actions(driver)
.contextClick(clickable)
.perform()There is no convenience method for this, it is just pressing and releasing mouse button 3
PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse");
Sequence actions = new Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerDown(PointerInput.MouseButton.BACK.asArg()))
.addAction(mouse.createPointerUp(PointerInput.MouseButton.BACK.asArg()));
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions)); action = ActionBuilder(driver)
action.pointer_action.pointer_down(MouseButton.BACK)
action.pointer_action.pointer_up(MouseButton.BACK)
action.perform() ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Mouse, "default mouse");
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerDown(MouseButton.Back));
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerUp(MouseButton.Back));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); driver.action
.pointer_down(:back)
.pointer_up(:back)
.perform const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.press(Button.BACK).release(Button.BACK).perform() val mouse = PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse")
val actions = Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerDown(PointerInput.MouseButton.BACK.asArg()))
.addAction(mouse.createPointerUp(PointerInput.MouseButton.BACK.asArg()))
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions))There is no convenience method for this, it is just pressing and releasing mouse button 4
PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse");
Sequence actions = new Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerDown(PointerInput.MouseButton.FORWARD.asArg()))
.addAction(mouse.createPointerUp(PointerInput.MouseButton.FORWARD.asArg()));
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions)); action = ActionBuilder(driver)
action.pointer_action.pointer_down(MouseButton.FORWARD)
action.pointer_action.pointer_up(MouseButton.FORWARD)
action.perform() ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Mouse, "default mouse");
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerDown(MouseButton.Forward));
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerUp(MouseButton.Forward));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); driver.action
.pointer_down(:forward)
.pointer_up(:forward)
.perform const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.press(Button.FORWARD).release(Button.FORWARD).perform() val mouse = PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse")
val actions = Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerDown(PointerInput.MouseButton.FORWARD.asArg()))
.addAction(mouse.createPointerUp(PointerInput.MouseButton.FORWARD.asArg()))
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions))This method combines moving to the center of an element with pressing and releasing the left mouse button twice.
WebElement clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.doubleClick(clickable)
.perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "clickable")
ActionChains(driver) \
.double_click(clickable) \
.perform() IWebElement clickable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("clickable"));
new Actions(driver)
.DoubleClick(clickable)
.Perform(); clickable = driver.find_element(id: 'clickable')
driver.action
.double_click(clickable)
.perform const clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.doubleClick(clickable).perform(); val clickable = driver.findElement(By.id("clickable"))
Actions(driver)
.doubleClick(clickable)
.perform()This method moves the mouse to the in-view center point of the element. This is otherwise known as “hovering.” Note that the element must be in the viewport or else the command will error.
WebElement hoverable = driver.findElement(By.id("hover"));
new Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(hoverable)
.perform(); hoverable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "hover")
ActionChains(driver) \
.move_to_element(hoverable) \
.perform() IWebElement hoverable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("hover"));
new Actions(driver)
.MoveToElement(hoverable)
.Perform(); hoverable = driver.find_element(id: 'hover')
driver.action
.move_to(hoverable)
.perform const hoverable = driver.findElement(By.id("hover"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({origin: hoverable}).perform(); val hoverable = driver.findElement(By.id("hover"))
Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(hoverable)
.perform()These methods first move the mouse to the designated origin and then by the number of pixels in the provided offset. Note that the position of the mouse must be in the viewport or else the command will error.
This method moves the mouse to the in-view center point of the element, then moves by the provided offset.
WebElement tracker = driver.findElement(By.id("mouse-tracker"));
new Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(tracker, 8, 0)
.perform(); mouse_tracker = driver.find_element(By.ID, "mouse-tracker")
ActionChains(driver) \
.move_to_element_with_offset(mouse_tracker, 8, 0) \
.perform() IWebElement tracker = driver.FindElement(By.Id("mouse-tracker"));
new Actions(driver)
.MoveToElement(tracker, 8, 0)
.Perform(); mouse_tracker = driver.find_element(id: 'mouse-tracker')
driver.action
.move_to(mouse_tracker, 8, 11)
.perform const mouseTracker = driver.findElement(By.id("mouse-tracker"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({x: 8, y: 0, origin: mouseTracker}).perform(); val tracker = driver.findElement(By.id("mouse-tracker"))
Actions(driver)
.moveToElement(tracker, 8, 0)
.perform()This method moves the mouse from the upper left corner of the current viewport by the provided offset.
PointerInput mouse = new PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse");
Sequence actions = new Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, PointerInput.Origin.viewport(), 8, 12));
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions)); action = ActionBuilder(driver)
action.pointer_action.move_to_location(8, 0)
action.perform() ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice mouse = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Mouse, "default mouse");
actionBuilder.AddAction(mouse.CreatePointerMove(CoordinateOrigin.Viewport,
8, 0, TimeSpan.Zero));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); driver.action
.move_to_location(8, 12)
.perform const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.move({x: 8, y: 0}).perform(); val mouse = PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.MOUSE, "default mouse")
val actions = Sequence(mouse, 0)
.addAction(mouse.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, PointerInput.Origin.viewport(), 8, 12))
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actions))This method moves the mouse from its current position by the offset provided by the user. If the mouse has not previously been moved, the position will be in the upper left corner of the viewport. Note that the pointer position does not change when the page is scrolled.
Note that the first argument X specifies to move right when positive, while the second argument
Y specifies to move down when positive. So moveByOffset(30, -10) moves right 30 and up 10 from
the current mouse position.
new Actions(driver)
.moveByOffset(13, 15)
.perform(); ActionChains(driver) \
.move_by_offset(13, 15) \
.perform() new Actions(driver)
.MoveByOffset(13, 15)
.Perform(); driver.action
.move_by(13, 15)
.perform await actions.move({x: 13, y: 15, origin: Origin.POINTER}).perform() Actions(driver)
.moveByOffset(13, 15)
.perform()This method firstly performs a click-and-hold on the source element, moves to the location of the target element and then releases the mouse.
WebElement draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
WebElement droppable = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"));
new Actions(driver)
.dragAndDrop(draggable, droppable)
.perform(); draggable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable")
droppable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "droppable")
ActionChains(driver) \
.drag_and_drop(draggable, droppable) \
.perform() IWebElement draggable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("draggable"));
IWebElement droppable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("droppable"));
new Actions(driver)
.DragAndDrop(draggable, droppable)
.Perform(); draggable = driver.find_element(id: 'draggable')
droppable = driver.find_element(id: 'droppable')
driver.action
.drag_and_drop(draggable, droppable)
.perform const draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
const droppable = await driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"));
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.dragAndDrop(draggable, droppable).perform(); val draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"))
val droppable = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable"))
Actions(driver)
.dragAndDrop(draggable, droppable)
.perform()This method firstly performs a click-and-hold on the source element, moves to the given offset and then releases the mouse.
WebElement draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
Rectangle start = draggable.getRect();
Rectangle finish = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable")).getRect();
new Actions(driver)
.dragAndDropBy(draggable, finish.getX() - start.getX(), finish.getY() - start.getY())
.perform(); draggable = driver.find_element(By.ID, "draggable")
start = draggable.location
finish = driver.find_element(By.ID, "droppable").location
ActionChains(driver) \
.drag_and_drop_by_offset(draggable, finish['x'] - start['x'], finish['y'] - start['y']) \
.perform() IWebElement draggable = driver.FindElement(By.Id("draggable"));
Point start = draggable.Location;
Point finish = driver.FindElement(By.Id("droppable")).Location;
new Actions(driver)
.DragAndDropToOffset(draggable, finish.X - start.X, finish.Y - start.Y)
.Perform(); draggable = driver.find_element(id: 'draggable')
start = draggable.rect
finish = driver.find_element(id: 'droppable').rect
driver.action
.drag_and_drop_by(draggable, finish.x - start.x, finish.y - start.y)
.perform const draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"));
let start = await draggable.getRect();
let finish = await driver.findElement(By.id("droppable")).getRect();
const actions = driver.actions({async: true});
await actions.dragAndDrop(draggable, {x: finish.x - start.x, y: finish.y - start.y}).perform(); val draggable = driver.findElement(By.id("draggable"))
val start = draggable.getRect()
val finish = driver.findElement(By.id("droppable")).getRect()
Actions(driver)
.dragAndDropBy(draggable, finish.getX() - start.getX(), finish.getY() - start.getY())
.perform()A Pen is a type of pointer input that has most of the same behavior as a mouse, but can also have event properties unique to a stylus. Additionally, while a mouse has 5 buttons, a pen has 3 equivalent button states:
WebElement pointerArea = driver.findElement(By.id("pointerArea"));
new Actions(driver)
.setActivePointer(PointerInput.Kind.PEN, "default pen")
.moveToElement(pointerArea)
.clickAndHold()
.moveByOffset(2, 2)
.release()
.perform(); pointer_area = driver.find_element(By.ID, "pointerArea")
pen_input = PointerInput(POINTER_PEN, "default pen")
action = ActionBuilder(driver, mouse=pen_input)
action.pointer_action\
.move_to(pointer_area)\
.pointer_down()\
.move_by(2, 2)\
.pointer_up()
action.perform() IWebElement pointerArea = driver.FindElement(By.Id("pointerArea"));
ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice pen = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Pen, "default pen");
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerMove(pointerArea, 0, 0, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(800)));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerDown(MouseButton.Left));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerMove(CoordinateOrigin.Pointer,
2, 2, TimeSpan.Zero));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerUp(MouseButton.Left));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); pointer_area = driver.find_element(id: 'pointerArea')
driver.action(devices: :pen)
.move_to(pointer_area)
.pointer_down
.move_by(2, 2)
.pointer_up
.perform val pointerArea = driver.findElement(By.id("pointerArea"))
Actions(driver)
.setActivePointer(PointerInput.Kind.PEN, "default pen")
.moveToElement(pointerArea)
.clickAndHold()
.moveByOffset(2, 2)
.release()
.perform()
WebElement pointerArea = driver.findElement(By.id("pointerArea"));
PointerInput pen = new PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.PEN, "default pen");
PointerInput.PointerEventProperties eventProperties = PointerInput.eventProperties()
.setTiltX(-72)
.setTiltY(9)
.setTwist(86);
PointerInput.Origin origin = PointerInput.Origin.fromElement(pointerArea);
Sequence actionListPen = new Sequence(pen, 0)
.addAction(pen.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, origin, 0, 0))
.addAction(pen.createPointerDown(0))
.addAction(pen.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, origin, 2, 2, eventProperties))
.addAction(pen.createPointerUp(0));
((RemoteWebDriver) driver).perform(Collections.singletonList(actionListPen)); pointer_area = driver.find_element(By.ID, "pointerArea")
pen_input = PointerInput(POINTER_PEN, "default pen")
action = ActionBuilder(driver, mouse=pen_input)
action.pointer_action\
.move_to(pointer_area)\
.pointer_down()\
.move_by(2, 2, tilt_x=-72, tilt_y=9, twist=86)\
.pointer_up(0)
action.perform() IWebElement pointerArea = driver.FindElement(By.Id("pointerArea"));
ActionBuilder actionBuilder = new ActionBuilder();
PointerInputDevice pen = new PointerInputDevice(PointerKind.Pen, "default pen");
PointerInputDevice.PointerEventProperties properties = new PointerInputDevice.PointerEventProperties() {
TiltX = -72,
TiltY = 9,
Twist = 86,
};
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerMove(pointerArea, 0, 0, TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(800)));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerDown(MouseButton.Left));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerMove(CoordinateOrigin.Pointer,
2, 2, TimeSpan.Zero, properties));
actionBuilder.AddAction(pen.CreatePointerUp(MouseButton.Left));
((IActionExecutor)driver).PerformActions(actionBuilder.ToActionSequenceList()); pointer_area = driver.find_element(id: 'pointerArea')
driver.action(devices: :pen)
.move_to(pointer_area)
.pointer_down
.move_by(2, 2, tilt_x: -72, tilt_y: 9, twist: 86)
.pointer_up
.perform val pointerArea = driver.findElement(By.id("pointerArea"))
val pen = PointerInput(PointerInput.Kind.PEN, "default pen")
val eventProperties = PointerInput.eventProperties()
.setTiltX(-72)
.setTiltY(9)
.setTwist(86)
val origin = PointerInput.Origin.fromElement(pointerArea)
val actionListPen = Sequence(pen, 0)
.addAction(pen.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, origin, 0, 0))
.addAction(pen.createPointerDown(0))
.addAction(pen.createPointerMove(Duration.ZERO, origin, 2, 2, eventProperties))
.addAction(pen.createPointerUp(0))
(driver as RemoteWebDriver).perform(listOf(actionListPen))
There are 5 scenarios for scrolling on a page.
This is the most common scenario. Unlike traditional click and send keys methods, the actions class does not automatically scroll the target element into view, so this method will need to be used if elements are not already inside the viewport.
This method takes a web element as the sole argument.
Regardless of whether the element is above or below the current viewscreen, the viewport will be scrolled so the bottom of the element is at the bottom of the screen.
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"));
new Actions(driver)
.scrollToElement(iframe)
.perform(); iframe = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_to_element(iframe)\
.perform() IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("iframe"));
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollToElement(iframe)
.Perform(); iframe = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'iframe')
driver.action
.scroll_to(iframe)
.perform const iframe = await driver.findElement(By.css("iframe"))
await driver.actions()
.scroll(0, 0, 0, 0, iframe)
.perform()
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"))
Actions(driver)
.scrollToElement(iframe)
.perform()This is the second most common scenario for scrolling. Pass in an delta x and a delta y value for how much to scroll in the right and down directions. Negative values represent left and up, respectively.
WebElement footer = driver.findElement(By.tagName("footer"));
int deltaY = footer.getRect().y;
new Actions(driver)
.scrollByAmount(0, deltaY)
.perform(); footer = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "footer")
delta_y = footer.rect['y']
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_by_amount(0, delta_y)\
.perform() IWebElement footer = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("footer"));
int deltaY = footer.Location.Y;
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollByAmount(0, deltaY)
.Perform(); footer = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'footer')
delta_y = footer.rect.y
driver.action
.scroll_by(0, delta_y)
.perform const footer = await driver.findElement(By.css("footer"))
const deltaY = (await footer.getRect()).y
await driver.actions()
.scroll(0, 0, 0, deltaY)
.perform()
val footer = driver.findElement(By.tagName("footer"))
val deltaY = footer.getRect().y
Actions(driver)
.scrollByAmount(0, deltaY)
.perform()This scenario is effectively a combination of the above two methods.
To execute this use the “Scroll From” method, which takes 3 arguments. The first represents the origination point, which we designate as the element, and the second two are the delta x and delta y values.
If the element is out of the viewport, it will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
WebElement iframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"));
WheelInput.ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromElement(iframe);
new Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.perform(); iframe = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "iframe")
scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin.from_element(iframe)
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_from_origin(scroll_origin, 0, 200)\
.perform() IWebElement iframe = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("iframe"));
WheelInputDevice.ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice.ScrollOrigin
{
Element = iframe
};
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.Perform(); iframe = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'iframe')
scroll_origin = Selenium::WebDriver::WheelActions::ScrollOrigin.element(iframe)
driver.action
.scroll_from(scroll_origin, 0, 200)
.perform const iframe = await driver.findElement(By.css("iframe"))
await driver.actions()
.scroll(0, 0, 0, 200, iframe)
.perform()
val iframe = driver.findElement(By.tagName("iframe"))
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromElement(iframe)
Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.perform()This scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen, and it is outside the viewport. Or is inside the viewport and the portion of the screen that must be scrolled is a known offset away from a specific element.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, and in addition to specifying the element, an offset is specified to indicate the origin point of the scroll. The offset is calculated from the center of the provided element.
If the element is out of the viewport, it first will be scrolled to the bottom of the screen, then the origin of the scroll will be determined by adding the offset to the coordinates of the center of the element, and finally the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the center of the element falls outside of the viewport, it will result in an exception.
WebElement footer = driver.findElement(By.tagName("footer"));
WheelInput.ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromElement(footer, 0, -50);
new Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin,0, 200)
.perform(); footer = driver.find_element(By.TAG_NAME, "footer")
scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin.from_element(footer, 0, -50)
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_from_origin(scroll_origin, 0, 200)\
.perform() IWebElement footer = driver.FindElement(By.TagName("footer"));
var scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice.ScrollOrigin
{
Element = footer,
XOffset = 0,
YOffset = -50
};
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.Perform(); footer = driver.find_element(tag_name: 'footer')
scroll_origin = Selenium::WebDriver::WheelActions::ScrollOrigin.element(footer, 0, -50)
driver.action
.scroll_from(scroll_origin, 0, 200)
.perform const footer = await driver.findElement(By.css("footer"))
await driver.actions()
.scroll(0, -50, 0, 200, footer)
.perform()
val footer = driver.findElement(By.tagName("footer"))
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromElement(footer, 0, -50)
Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin,0, 200)
.perform()The final scenario is used when you need to scroll only a portion of the screen, and it is already inside the viewport.
This uses the “Scroll From” method again, but the viewport is designated instead of an element. An offset is specified from the upper left corner of the current viewport. After the origin point is determined, the page will be scrolled by the provided delta x and delta y values.
Note that if the offset from the upper left corner of the viewport falls outside of the screen, it will result in an exception.
WheelInput.ScrollOrigin scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromViewport(10, 10);
new Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.perform(); scroll_origin = ScrollOrigin.from_viewport(10, 10)
ActionChains(driver)\
.scroll_from_origin(scroll_origin, 0, 200)\
.perform() var scrollOrigin = new WheelInputDevice.ScrollOrigin
{
Viewport = true,
XOffset = 10,
YOffset = 10
};
new Actions(driver)
.ScrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.Perform(); scroll_origin = Selenium::WebDriver::WheelActions::ScrollOrigin.viewport(10, 10)
driver.action
.scroll_from(scroll_origin, 0, 200)
.perform await driver.actions()
.scroll(10, 10, 0, 200)
.perform()
val scrollOrigin = WheelInput.ScrollOrigin.fromViewport(10, 10)
Actions(driver)
.scrollFromOrigin(scrollOrigin, 0, 200)
.perform()BiDirectional means that communication is happening in two directions simultaneously. The traditional WebDriver model involves strict request/response commands which only allows for communication to happen in one direction at any given time. In most cases this is what you want; it ensures that the browser is doing the expected things in the right order, but there are a number of interesting things that can be done with asynchronous interactions.
This functionality is currently available in a limited fashion with the [Chrome DevTools Protocol] (CDP), but to address some of its drawbacks, the Selenium team, along with the major browser vendors, have worked to create the new WebDriver BiDi Protocol. This specification aims to create a stable, cross-browser API that leverages bidirectional communication for enhanced browser automation and testing functionality, including streaming events from the user agent to the controlling software via WebSockets. Users will be able to listen for and record or manipulate events as they happen during the course of a Selenium session.
In order to use WebDriver BiDi, setting the capability in the browser options will enable the required functionality:
options.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);options.enable_bidi = TrueUseWebSocketUrl = true,options.web_socket_url = trueOptions().enableBidi();options.setCapability("webSocketUrl", true);This enables the WebSocket connection for bidirectional communication, unlocking the full potential of the WebDriver BiDi protocol.
Note that Selenium is updating its entire implementation from WebDriver Classic to WebDriver BiDi (while maintaining backwards compatibility as much as possible), but this section of documentation focuses on the new functionality that bidirectional communication allows. The low-level BiDi domains will be accessible in the code to the end user, but the goal is to provide high-level APIs that are straightforward methods of real-world use cases. As such, the low-level components will not be documented, and this section will focus only on the user-friendly features that we encourage users to take advantage of.
If there is additional functionality you’d like to see, please raise a feature request.
Remember that to use WebDriver BiDi, you must enable it in Options. For more details, see Enabling BiDi
Record or take actions on console.log events.
driver.script.add_console_message_handler(log_entries.append) driver.script.add_console_message_handler { |log| log_entries << log }You need to store the ID returned when adding the handler to delete it.
id = driver.script.add_console_message_handler(log_entries.append)
driver.script.remove_console_message_handler(id) id = driver.script.add_console_message_handler { |log| log_entries << log }
driver.script.remove_console_message_handler(id)Record or take actions on JavaScript exception events.
driver.script.add_javascript_error_handler(log_entries.append) driver.script.add_javascript_error_handler { |error| log_entries << error }You need to store the ID returned when adding the handler to delete it.
id = driver.script.add_javascript_error_handler(log_entries.append)
driver.script.remove_javascript_error_handler(id) id = driver.script.add_javascript_error_handler { |error| log_entries << error }
driver.script.remove_javascript_error_handler(id)The implementation of these features is being tracked here: #13993
Remember that to use WebDriver BiDi, you must enable it in Options. For more details, see Enabling BiDi
The implementation of these features is being tracked here: #13992
Remember that to use WebDriver BiDi, you must enable it in Options. For more details, see Enabling BiDi
Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
Many browsers provide “DevTools” – a set of tools that are integrated with the browser that developers can use to debug web apps and explore the performance of their pages. Google Chrome’s DevTools make use of a protocol called the Chrome DevTools Protocol (or “CDP” for short). As the name suggests, this is not designed for testing, nor to have a stable API, so functionality is highly dependent on the version of the browser.
Selenium is working to implement a standards-based, cross-browser, stable alternative to CDP called [WebDriver BiDi]. Until the support for this new protocol has finished, Selenium plans to provide access to CDP features where applicable.
Chrome and Edge have a method to send basic CDP commands. This does not work for features that require bidirectional communication, and you need to know what domains to enable when and the exact names and types of domains/methods/parameters.
Map<String, Object> cookie = new HashMap<>();
cookie.put("name", "cheese");
cookie.put("value", "gouda");
cookie.put("domain", "www.selenium.dev");
cookie.put("secure", true);
((HasCdp) driver).executeCdpCommand("Network.setCookie", cookie); cookie = {'name': 'cheese',
'value': 'gouda',
'domain': 'www.selenium.dev',
'secure': True}
driver.execute_cdp_cmd('Network.setCookie', cookie) var cookie = new Dictionary<string, object>
{
{ "name", "cheese" },
{ "value", "gouda" },
{ "domain", "www.selenium.dev" },
{ "secure", true }
};
((ChromeDriver)driver).ExecuteCdpCommand("Network.setCookie", cookie); driver.execute_cdp('Network.setCookie',
name: 'cheese',
value: 'gouda',
domain: 'www.selenium.dev',
secure: true)To make working with CDP easier, and to provide access to the more advanced features, Selenium bindings automatically generate classes and methods for the most common domains. CDP methods and implementations can change from version to version, though, so you want to keep the version of Chrome and the version of DevTools matching. Selenium supports the 3 most recent versions of Chrome at any given time, and tries to time releases to ensure that access to the latest versions are available.
This limitation provides additional challenges for several bindings, where dynamically generated CDP support requires users to regularly update their code to reference the proper version of CDP. In some cases an idealized implementation has been created that should work for any version of CDP without the user needing to change their code, but that is not always available.
Examples of how to use CDP in your Selenium tests can be found on the following pages, but we want to call out a couple commonly cited examples that are of limited practical value.
Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
While Selenium 4 provides direct access to the Chrome DevTools Protocol, these methods will eventually be removed when WebDriver BiDi implemented.
((HasLogEvents) driver).onLogEvent(consoleEvent(e -> messages.add(e.getMessages().get(0)))); async with driver.bidi_connection() as session:
async with Log(driver, session).add_listener(Console.ALL) as messages: using IJavaScriptEngine monitor = new JavaScriptEngine(driver);
var messages = new List<string>();
monitor.JavaScriptConsoleApiCalled += (_, e) =>
{
messages.Add(e.MessageContent);
};
await monitor.StartEventMonitoring(); driver.on_log_event(:console) { |log| logs << log.args.first } async with driver.bidi_connection() as session:
async with Log(driver, session).add_js_error_listener() as messages: using IJavaScriptEngine monitor = new JavaScriptEngine(driver);
var messages = new List<string>();
monitor.JavaScriptExceptionThrown += (_, e) =>
{
messages.Add(e.Message);
};
await monitor.StartEventMonitoring(); driver.on_log_event(:exception) { |exception| exceptions << exception }Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
While Selenium 4 provides direct access to the Chrome DevTools Protocol, these methods will eventually be removed when WebDriver BiDi implemented.
Some applications make use of browser authentication to secure pages. It used to be common to handle them in the URL, but browsers stopped supporting this. With this code you can insert the credentials into the header when necessary
Predicate<URI> uriPredicate = uri -> uri.toString().contains("herokuapp.com");
Supplier<Credentials> authentication = UsernameAndPassword.of("admin", "admin");
((HasAuthentication) driver).register(uriPredicate, authentication); credentials = base64.b64encode("admin:admin".encode()).decode()
auth = {'authorization': 'Basic ' + credentials}
await connection.session.execute(connection.devtools.network.set_extra_http_headers(Headers(auth))) var handler = new NetworkAuthenticationHandler()
{
UriMatcher = uri => uri.AbsoluteUri.Contains("herokuapp"),
Credentials = new PasswordCredentials("admin", "admin")
};
var networkInterceptor = driver.Manage().Network;
networkInterceptor.AddAuthenticationHandler(handler);
await networkInterceptor.StartMonitoring(); driver.register(username: 'admin',
password: 'admin',
uri: /herokuapp/)Both requests and responses can be recorded or transformed.
try (NetworkInterceptor ignored =
new NetworkInterceptor(
driver,
(Filter)
next ->
req -> {
HttpResponse res = next.execute(req);
contentType.add(res.getHeader("Content-Type"));
return res;
})) { INetwork networkInterceptor = driver.Manage().Network;
networkInterceptor.NetworkResponseReceived += (_, e) =>
{
contentType.Add(e.ResponseHeaders["content-type"]);
};
await networkInterceptor.StartMonitoring(); driver.intercept do |request, &continue|
continue.call(request) do |response|
content_type << response.headers['content-type']
end
end try (NetworkInterceptor ignored =
new NetworkInterceptor(
driver,
Route.matching(req -> true)
.to(
() ->
req ->
new HttpResponse()
.setStatus(200)
.addHeader("Content-Type", MediaType.HTML_UTF_8.toString())
.setContent(Contents.utf8String("Creamy, delicious cheese!"))))) { var handler = new NetworkResponseHandler()
{
ResponseMatcher = _ => true,
ResponseTransformer = _ => new HttpResponseData
{
StatusCode = 200,
Body = "Creamy, delicious cheese!"
}
};
INetwork networkInterceptor = driver.Manage().Network;
networkInterceptor.AddResponseHandler(handler);
await networkInterceptor.StartMonitoring(); driver.intercept do |request, &continue|
continue.call(request) do |response|
response.body = 'Creamy, delicious cheese!' if request.url.include?('blank')
end
end try (NetworkInterceptor ignored =
new NetworkInterceptor(
driver,
(Filter)
next ->
req -> {
if (req.getUri().contains("one.js")) {
req =
new HttpRequest(
HttpMethod.GET, req.getUri().replace("one.js", "two.js"));
}
completed.set(true);
return next.execute(req);
})) { var handler = new NetworkRequestHandler
{
RequestMatcher = request => request.Url.Contains("one.js"),
RequestTransformer = request =>
{
request.Url = request.Url.Replace("one", "two");
return request;
}
};
INetwork networkInterceptor = driver.Manage().Network;
networkInterceptor.AddRequestHandler(handler);
await networkInterceptor.StartMonitoring(); driver.intercept do |request, &continue|
uri = URI(request.url)
request.url = uri.to_s.gsub('one', 'two') if uri.path&.end_with?('one.js')
continue.call(request)
end devTools.send(Performance.enable(Optional.empty()));
List<Metric> metricList = devTools.send(Performance.getMetrics()); async with driver.bidi_connection() as connection:
await connection.session.execute(connection.devtools.performance.enable())
metric_list = await connection.session.execute(connection.devtools.performance.get_metrics()) await domains.Performance.Enable(new OpenQA.Selenium.DevTools.V131.Performance.EnableCommandSettings());
var metricsResponse =
await session.SendCommand<GetMetricsCommandSettings, GetMetricsCommandResponse>(
new GetMetricsCommandSettings()
); driver.devtools.performance.enable
metric_list = driver.devtools.performance.get_metrics.dig('result', 'metrics') devTools.send(
Network.setCookie(
"cheese",
"gouda",
Optional.empty(),
Optional.of("www.selenium.dev"),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.of(true),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty())); async with driver.bidi_connection() as connection:
execution = connection.devtools.network.set_cookie(
name="cheese",
value="gouda",
domain="www.selenium.dev",
secure=True
)
await connection.session.execute(execution) var cookieCommandSettings = new SetCookieCommandSettings
{
Name = "cheese",
Value = "gouda",
Domain = "www.selenium.dev",
Secure = true
};
await domains.Network.SetCookie(cookieCommandSettings); driver.devtools.network.set_cookie(name: 'cheese',
value: 'gouda',
domain: 'www.selenium.dev',
secure: true) devTools.send(
Browser.setDownloadBehavior(
Browser.SetDownloadBehaviorBehavior.ALLOWANDNAME,
Optional.empty(),
Optional.of(""),
Optional.of(true))); driver.devtools.browser.set_download_behavior(behavior: 'allow',
download_path: '',
events_enabled: true)
driver.devtools.browser.on(:download_progress) do |progress|
@completed = progress['state'] == 'completed'
endPage being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
While Selenium 4 provides direct access to the Chrome DevTools Protocol, these methods will eventually be removed when WebDriver BiDi implemented.
ScriptKey key = ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).pin("return arguments;");
List<Object> arguments =
(List<Object>) ((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript(key, 1, true, element); var key = await new JavaScriptEngine(driver).PinScript("return arguments;");
var arguments = ((WebDriver)driver).ExecuteScript(key, 1, true, element); key = driver.pin_script('return arguments;')
arguments = driver.execute_script(key, 1, true, element) async with driver.bidi_connection() as session:
async with Log(driver, session).mutation_events() as event: using IJavaScriptEngine monitor = new JavaScriptEngine(driver);
monitor.DomMutated += (_, e) =>
{
var locator = By.CssSelector($"*[data-__webdriver_id='{e.AttributeData.TargetId}']");
mutations.Add(driver.FindElement(locator));
};
await monitor.StartEventMonitoring();
await monitor.EnableDomMutationMonitoring(); driver.on_log_event(:mutation) { |mutation| mutations << mutation.element }Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
The following list of APIs will be growing as the WebDriver BiDirectional Protocol grows and browser vendors implement the same. Additionally, Selenium will try to support real-world use cases that internally use a combination of W3C BiDi protocol APIs.
If there is additional functionality you’d like to see, please raise a feature request.
Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
This section contains the APIs related to browsing context commands.
Creates a new browsing context in a new window.
void testCreateAWindow() {
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);
Assertions.assertNotNull(browsingContext.getId());
} const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
type: 'window',
})Creates a new browsing context in a new tab.
void testCreateATab() {
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);
Assertions.assertNotNull(browsingContext.getId());
} const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
type: 'tab',
})Creates a browsing context for the existing tab/window to run commands.
void testCreateABrowsingContextForGivenId() {
String id = driver.getWindowHandle();
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, id);
Assertions.assertEquals(id, browsingContext.getId());
} const id = await driver.getWindowHandle()
const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: id,
})A reference browsing context is a top-level browsing context. The API allows to pass the reference browsing context, which is used to create a new window. The implementation is operating system specific.
void testCreateAWindowWithAReferenceContext() {
BrowsingContext
browsingContext =
new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW, driver.getWindowHandle());
Assertions.assertNotNull(browsingContext.getId());
} const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
type: 'window',
referenceContext: await driver.getWindowHandle(),
})A reference browsing context is a top-level browsing context. The API allows to pass the reference browsing context, which is used to create a new tab. The implementation is operating system specific.
void testCreateATabWithAReferenceContext() {
BrowsingContext
browsingContext =
new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB, driver.getWindowHandle());
Assertions.assertNotNull(browsingContext.getId());
} const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
type: 'tab',
referenceContext: await driver.getWindowHandle(),
}) void testNavigateToAUrl() {
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);
NavigationResult info = browsingContext.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
Assertions.assertNotNull(browsingContext.getId());
Assertions.assertNotNull(info.getNavigationId());
Assertions.assertTrue(info.getUrl().contains("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"));
} let info = await browsingContext.navigate('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html') void testNavigateToAUrlWithReadinessState() {
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);
NavigationResult info = browsingContext.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html",
ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
Assertions.assertNotNull(browsingContext.getId());
Assertions.assertNotNull(info.getNavigationId());
Assertions.assertTrue(info.getUrl().contains("/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"));
} const info = await browsingContext.navigate(
'https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html',
'complete'
)Provides a tree of all browsing contexts descending from the parent browsing context, including the parent browsing context.
void testGetTreeWithAChild() {
String referenceContextId = driver.getWindowHandle();
BrowsingContext parentWindow = new BrowsingContext(driver, referenceContextId);
parentWindow.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/iframes.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
List<BrowsingContextInfo> contextInfoList = parentWindow.getTree();
Assertions.assertEquals(1, contextInfoList.size());
BrowsingContextInfo info = contextInfoList.get(0);
Assertions.assertEquals(1, info.getChildren().size());
Assertions.assertEquals(referenceContextId, info.getId());
Assertions.assertTrue(info.getChildren().get(0).getUrl().contains("formPage.html"));
} const browsingContextId = await driver.getWindowHandle()
const parentWindow = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: browsingContextId,
})
await parentWindow.navigate('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/iframes.html', 'complete')
const contextInfo = await parentWindow.getTree()Provides a tree of all browsing contexts descending from the parent browsing context, including the parent browsing context upto the depth value passed.
void testGetTreeWithDepth() {
String referenceContextId = driver.getWindowHandle();
BrowsingContext parentWindow = new BrowsingContext(driver, referenceContextId);
parentWindow.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/iframes.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
List<BrowsingContextInfo> contextInfoList = parentWindow.getTree(0);
Assertions.assertEquals(1, contextInfoList.size());
BrowsingContextInfo info = contextInfoList.get(0);
Assertions.assertNull(info.getChildren()); // since depth is 0
Assertions.assertEquals(referenceContextId, info.getId());
} const browsingContextId = await driver.getWindowHandle()
const parentWindow = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: browsingContextId,
})
await parentWindow.navigate('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/iframes.html', 'complete')
const contextInfo = await parentWindow.getTree(0) void testGetAllTopLevelContexts() {
BrowsingContext window1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
BrowsingContext window2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);
List<BrowsingContextInfo> contextInfoList = window1.getTopLevelContexts();
Assertions.assertEquals(2, contextInfoList.size());
} const id = await driver.getWindowHandle()
const window1 = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: id,
})
await BrowsingContext(driver, { type: 'window' })
const res = await window1.getTopLevelContexts() void testCloseAWindow() {
BrowsingContext window1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);
BrowsingContext window2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);
window2.close();
Assertions.assertThrows(BiDiException.class, window2::getTree);
}
@Test
void testCloseATab() {
BrowsingContext tab1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);
BrowsingContext tab2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);
tab2.close();
Assertions.assertThrows(BiDiException.class, tab2::getTree);
} const window1 = await BrowsingContext(driver, {type: 'window'})
const window2 = await BrowsingContext(driver, {type: 'window'})
await window2.close() BrowsingContext window1 = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
BrowsingContext window2 = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.WINDOW);
window1.activate();
const window1 = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: id,
}) await window1.activate() BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, WindowType.TAB);
browsingContext.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
NavigationResult reloadInfo = browsingContext.reload(ReadinessState.INTERACTIVE); BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html");
driver.findElement(By.id("prompt-with-default")).click();
String userText = "Selenium automates browsers";
browsingContext.handleUserPrompt(true, userText);
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html");
String screenshot = browsingContext.captureScreenshot(); const response = await browsingContext.captureScreenshot() BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/coordinates_tests/simple_page.html");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("box"));
Rectangle elementRectangle = element.getRect();
String screenshot =
browsingContext.captureBoxScreenshot(
elementRectangle.getX(), elementRectangle.getY(), 5, 5); const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: id,
})
const response = await browsingContext.captureBoxScreenshot(5, 5, 10, 10) BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html");
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.id("checky"));
String screenshot = browsingContext.captureElementScreenshot(((RemoteWebElement) element).getId()); const response = await browsingContext.captureElementScreenshot(elementId) BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html");
browsingContext.setViewport(250, 300, 5); BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html");
PrintOptions printOptions = new PrintOptions();
String printPage = browsingContext.print(printOptions); const result = await browsingContext.printPage({
orientation: 'landscape',
scale: 1,
background: true,
width: 30,
height: 30,
top: 1,
bottom: 1,
left: 1,
right: 1,
shrinkToFit: true,
pageRanges: ['1-2'],
}) BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
browsingContext.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
wait.until(visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("imageButton"))).submit();
wait.until(titleIs("We Arrive Here"));
browsingContext.back(); void canNavigateForwardInTheBrowserHistory() {
BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
browsingContext.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
wait.until(visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("imageButton"))).submit();
wait.until(titleIs("We Arrive Here"));
browsingContext.back();
Assertions.assertTrue(driver.getPageSource().contains("We Leave From Here"));
browsingContext.forward(); BrowsingContext browsingContext = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
browsingContext.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/formPage.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
wait.until(visibilityOfElementLocated(By.id("imageButton"))).submit();
wait.until(titleIs("We Arrive Here"));
browsingContext.traverseHistory(-1);This section contains the APIs related to browsing context events.
try (BrowsingContextInspector inspector = new BrowsingContextInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<BrowsingContextInfo> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
inspector.onBrowsingContextCreated(future::complete);
String windowHandle = driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW).getWindowHandle();
BrowsingContextInfo browsingContextInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); const browsingContextInspector = await BrowsingContextInspector(driver)
await browsingContextInspector.onBrowsingContextCreated((entry) => {
contextInfo = entry
})
await driver.switchTo().newWindow('window') String windowHandle = driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.TAB).getWindowHandle();
BrowsingContextInfo browsingContextInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertEquals(windowHandle, browsingContextInfo.getId());
}
}
@Test
void canListenToDomContentLoadedEvent() const browsingContextInspector = await BrowsingContextInspector(driver)
let navigationInfo = null
await browsingContextInspector.onDomContentLoaded((entry) => {
navigationInfo = entry
})
const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: await driver.getWindowHandle(),
})
await browsingContext.navigate('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html', 'complete') try (BrowsingContextInspector inspector = new BrowsingContextInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<NavigationInfo> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
inspector.onBrowsingContextLoaded(future::complete);
BrowsingContext context = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
context.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
NavigationInfo navigationInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); const browsingContextInspector = await BrowsingContextInspector(driver)
await browsingContextInspector.onBrowsingContextLoaded((entry) => {
navigationInfo = entry
})
const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: await driver.getWindowHandle(),
})
await browsingContext.navigate('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html', 'complete') try (BrowsingContextInspector inspector = new BrowsingContextInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<NavigationInfo> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
inspector.onNavigationStarted(future::complete);
BrowsingContext context = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
context.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
NavigationInfo navigationInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); try (BrowsingContextInspector inspector = new BrowsingContextInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<NavigationInfo> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
BrowsingContext context = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
context.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
inspector.onFragmentNavigated(future::complete);
context.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html#linkToAnchorOnThisPage", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
NavigationInfo navigationInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); const browsingContextInspector = await BrowsingContextInspector(driver)
const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: await driver.getWindowHandle(),
})
await browsingContext.navigate('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html', 'complete')
await browsingContextInspector.onFragmentNavigated((entry) => {
navigationInfo = entry
})
await browsingContext.navigate('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html#linkToAnchorOnThisPage', 'complete') try (BrowsingContextInspector inspector = new BrowsingContextInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<NavigationInfo> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
BrowsingContext context = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
context.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
inspector.onFragmentNavigated(future::complete);
context.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/linked_image.html#linkToAnchorOnThisPage", ReadinessState.COMPLETE);
NavigationInfo navigationInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); try (BrowsingContextInspector inspector = new BrowsingContextInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<UserPromptClosed> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
BrowsingContext context = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
inspector.onUserPromptClosed(future::complete);
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/alerts.html");
driver.findElement(By.id("prompt")).click();
context.handleUserPrompt(true, "selenium");
UserPromptClosed userPromptClosed = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertEquals(context.getId(), userPromptClosed.getBrowsingContextId()); try (BrowsingContextInspector inspector = new BrowsingContextInspector(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<BrowsingContextInfo> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
inspector.onBrowsingContextDestroyed(future::complete);
String windowHandle = driver.switchTo().newWindow(WindowType.WINDOW).getWindowHandle();
driver.close();
BrowsingContextInfo browsingContextInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertEquals(windowHandle, browsingContextInfo.getId()); const browsingContextInspector = await BrowsingContextInspector(driver)
await browsingContextInspector.onBrowsingContextDestroyed((entry) => {
contextInfo = entry
})
await driver.switchTo().newWindow('window')
const windowHandle = await driver.getWindowHandle()
await driver.close()Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
This section contains the APIs related to input commands.
Actions selectThreeOptions =
actions.click(options.get(1)).keyDown(Keys.SHIFT).click(options.get(3)).keyUp(Keys.SHIFT);
input.perform(windowHandle, selectThreeOptions.getSequences()); const actions = driver.actions().click(options[1]).keyDown(Key.SHIFT).click(options[3]).keyUp(Key.SHIFT).getSequences()
await input.perform(browsingContextId, actions) Actions sendLowercase =
new Actions(driver).keyDown(inputTextBox, "a").keyDown(inputTextBox, "b");
input.perform(windowHandle, sendLowercase.getSequences());
((JavascriptExecutor) driver).executeScript("resetEvents()");
input.release(windowHandle);Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
This section contains the APIs related to network commands.
try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
String intercept =
network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.BEFORE_REQUEST_SENT)); const intercept = await network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.BEFORE_REQUEST_SENT)) try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
String intercept =
network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.BEFORE_REQUEST_SENT));
Assertions.assertNotNull(intercept);
network.removeIntercept(intercept); const network = await Network(driver)
const intercept = await network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.BEFORE_REQUEST_SENT)) try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.AUTH_REQUIRED));
network.onAuthRequired(
responseDetails ->
network.continueWithAuth(
responseDetails.getRequest().getRequestId(),
new UsernameAndPassword("admin", "admin")));
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/basic_auth"); await network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.AUTH_REQUIRED))
await network.authRequired(async (event) => {
await network.continueWithAuth(event.request.request, 'admin','admin')
}) try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.AUTH_REQUIRED));
network.onAuthRequired(
responseDetails ->
// Does not handle the alert
network.continueWithAuthNoCredentials(responseDetails.getRequest().getRequestId()));
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/basic_auth"); await network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.AUTH_REQUIRED))
await network.authRequired(async (event) => {
await network.continueWithAuthNoCredentials(event.request.request)
}) try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.AUTH_REQUIRED));
network.onAuthRequired(
responseDetails ->
// Does not handle the alert
network.cancelAuth(responseDetails.getRequest().getRequestId()));
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/basic_auth"); await network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.AUTH_REQUIRED))
await network.authRequired(async (event) => {
await network.cancelAuth(event.request.request)
}) try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
network.addIntercept(new AddInterceptParameters(InterceptPhase.BEFORE_REQUEST_SENT));
network.onBeforeRequestSent(
responseDetails -> network.failRequest(responseDetails.getRequest().getRequestId()));
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.of(5, ChronoUnit.SECONDS));This section contains the APIs related to network events.
try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<BeforeRequestSent> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
network.onBeforeRequestSent(future::complete);
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
BeforeRequestSent requestSent = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS); let beforeRequestEvent = null
const network = await Network(driver)
await network.beforeRequestSent(function (event) {
beforeRequestEvent = event
})
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank.html') try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<ResponseDetails> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
network.onResponseStarted(future::complete);
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
ResponseDetails response = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
String windowHandle = driver.getWindowHandle(); let onResponseStarted = []
const network = await Network(driver)
await network.responseStarted(function (event) {
onResponseStarted.push(event)
})
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html') try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<ResponseDetails> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
network.onResponseCompleted(future::complete);
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
ResponseDetails response = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
String windowHandle = driver.getWindowHandle(); let onResponseCompleted = []
const network = await Network(driver)
await network.responseCompleted(function (event) {
onResponseCompleted.push(event)
})
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html') try (Network network = new Network(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<ResponseDetails> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
network.onAuthRequired(future::complete);
driver.get("https://the-internet.herokuapp.com/basic_auth");
ResponseDetails response = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
This section contains the APIs related to script commands.
try (Script script = new Script(id, driver)) {
List<LocalValue> arguments = new ArrayList<>();
arguments.add(PrimitiveProtocolValue.numberValue(22));
Map<Object, LocalValue> value = new HashMap<>();
value.put("some_property", LocalValue.numberValue(42));
LocalValue thisParameter = LocalValue.objectValue(value);
arguments.add(thisParameter);
EvaluateResult result =
script.callFunctionInBrowsingContext(
id,
"function processWithPromise(argument) {\n"
+ " return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {\n"
+ " setTimeout(() => {\n"
+ " resolve(argument + this.some_property);\n"
+ " }, 1000)\n"
+ " })\n"
+ "}",
true,
Optional.of(arguments),
Optional.of(thisParameter),
Optional.of(ResultOwnership.ROOT)); const manager = await ScriptManager(id, driver)
let argumentValues = []
let value = new ArgumentValue(LocalValue.createNumberValue(22))
argumentValues.push(value)
let mapValue = {some_property: LocalValue.createNumberValue(42)}
let thisParameter = new ArgumentValue(LocalValue.createObjectValue(mapValue)).asMap()
const result = await manager.callFunctionInBrowsingContext(
id,
'function processWithPromise(argument) {' +
'return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {' +
'setTimeout(() => {' +
'resolve(argument + this.some_property);' +
'}, 1000)' +
'})' +
'}',
true,
argumentValues,
thisParameter,
ResultOwnership.ROOT) try (Script script = new Script(id, driver)) {
EvaluateResult result =
script.callFunctionInBrowsingContext(
id,
"sandbox",
"() => window.foo",
true,
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty()); const manager = await ScriptManager(id, driver)
await manager.callFunctionInBrowsingContext(id, '() => { window.foo = 2; }', true, null, null, null, 'sandbox') try (Script script = new Script(tab, driver)) {
List<RealmInfo> realms = script.getAllRealms();
String realmId = realms.get(0).getRealmId();
EvaluateResult result = script.callFunctionInRealm(
realmId,
"() => { window.foo = 3; }",
true,
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty()); const manager = await ScriptManager(firstTab, driver)
const realms = await manager.getAllRealms()
const realmId = realms[0].realmId
await manager.callFunctionInRealm(realmId, '() => { window.foo = 3; }', true) try (Script script = new Script(id, driver)) {
EvaluateResult result =
script.evaluateFunctionInBrowsingContext(id, "1 + 2", true, Optional.empty());
const manager = await ScriptManager(id, driver)
const result = await manager.evaluateFunctionInBrowsingContext(id, '1 + 2', true) try (Script script = new Script(id, driver)) {
EvaluateResult result =
script.evaluateFunctionInBrowsingContext(
id, "sandbox", "window.foo", true, Optional.empty()); const manager = await ScriptManager(id, driver)
await manager.evaluateFunctionInBrowsingContext(id, 'window.foo = 2', true, null, 'sandbox')
const resultInSandbox = await manager.evaluateFunctionInBrowsingContext(id, 'window.foo', true, null, 'sandbox') try (Script script = new Script(tab, driver)) {
List<RealmInfo> realms = script.getAllRealms();
String realmId = realms.get(0).getRealmId();
EvaluateResult result =
script.evaluateFunctionInRealm(
realmId, "window.foo", true, Optional.empty()); const manager = await ScriptManager(firstTab, driver)
const realms = await manager.getAllRealms()
const realmId = realms[0].realmId
await manager.evaluateFunctionInRealm(realmId, 'window.foo = 3', true)
const result = await manager.evaluateFunctionInRealm(realmId, 'window.foo', true) try (Script script = new Script(firstWindow, driver)) {
List<RealmInfo> realms = script.getAllRealms(); const manager = await ScriptManager(firstWindow, driver)
const realms = await manager.getAllRealms() try (Script script = new Script(firstWindow, driver)) {
List<RealmInfo> realms = script.getRealmsByType(RealmType.WINDOW); const manager = await ScriptManager(firstWindow, driver)
const realms = await manager.getRealmsByType(RealmType.WINDOW) try (Script script = new Script(windowId, driver)) {
List<RealmInfo> realms = script.getRealmsInBrowsingContext(tabId); const manager = await ScriptManager(windowId, driver)
const realms = await manager.getRealmsInBrowsingContext(tabId) List<RealmInfo> windowRealms =
script.getRealmsInBrowsingContextByType(windowId, RealmType.WINDOW); const realms = await manager.getRealmsInBrowsingContextByType(windowId, RealmType.WINDOW) String id = script.addPreloadScript("() => { window.bar=2; }", "sandbox"); const manager = await ScriptManager(id, driver)
const scriptId = await manager.addPreloadScript('() => {{ console.log(\'{preload_script_console_text}\') }}')This section contains the APIs related to script events.
try (Script script = new Script(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<Message> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
script.onMessage(future::complete);
script.callFunctionInBrowsingContext(
driver.getWindowHandle(),
"(channel) => channel('foo')",
false,
Optional.of(List.of(LocalValue.channelValue("channel_name"))),
Optional.empty(),
Optional.empty());
Message message = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertEquals("channel_name", message.getChannel());
} const manager = await ScriptManager(undefined, driver)
let message = null
await manager.onMessage((m) => {
message = m
})
let argumentValues = []
let value = new ArgumentValue(LocalValue.createChannelValue(new ChannelValue('channel_name')))
argumentValues.push(value)
const result = await manager.callFunctionInBrowsingContext(
await driver.getWindowHandle(),
'(channel) => channel("foo")',
false,
argumentValues,
) try (Script script = new Script(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<RealmInfo> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
script.onRealmCreated(future::complete);
BrowsingContext context = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
context.navigate("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/blankPage");
RealmInfo realmInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertNotNull(realmInfo.getRealmId());
Assertions.assertEquals(RealmType.WINDOW, realmInfo.getRealmType());
} const manager = await ScriptManager(undefined, driver)
let realmInfo = null
await manager.onRealmCreated((result) => {
realmInfo = result
})
const id = await driver.getWindowHandle()
const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: id,
})
await browsingContext.navigate('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/blank', 'complete') try (Script script = new Script(driver)) {
CompletableFuture<RealmInfo> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
script.onRealmDestroyed(future::complete);
BrowsingContext context = new BrowsingContext(driver, driver.getWindowHandle());
context.close();
RealmInfo realmInfo = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertNotNull(realmInfo.getRealmId());
Assertions.assertEquals(RealmType.WINDOW, realmInfo.getRealmType());
} const manager = await ScriptManager(undefined, driver)
let realmInfo = null
await manager.onRealmDestroyed((result) => {
realmInfo = result
})
const id = await driver.getWindowHandle()
const browsingContext = await BrowsingContext(driver, {
browsingContextId: id,
})
await browsingContext.close()Page being translated from English to Japanese. Do you speak Japanese? Help us to translate it by sending us pull requests!
This section contains the APIs related to logging.
Listen to the console.log events and register callbacks to process the event.
public void jsErrors() {
CopyOnWriteArrayList<ConsoleLogEntry> logs = new CopyOnWriteArrayList<>();
try (LogInspector logInspector = new LogInspector(driver)) {
logInspector.onConsoleEntry(logs::add);
}
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html"); const inspector = await LogInspector(driver)
await inspector.onConsoleEntry(function (log) {
logEntry = log
})
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html')
await driver.findElement({id: 'consoleLog'}).click()
assert.equal(logEntry.text, 'Hello, world!')
assert.equal(logEntry.realm, null)
assert.equal(logEntry.type, 'console')
assert.equal(logEntry.level, 'info')
assert.equal(logEntry.method, 'log')
assert.equal(logEntry.stackTrace, null)
assert.equal(logEntry.args.length, 1)Listen to the JS Exceptions and register callbacks to process the exception details.
logInspector.onJavaScriptLog(future::complete);
driver.get("https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html");
driver.findElement(By.id("jsException")).click();
JavascriptLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertEquals("Error: Not working", logEntry.getText()); const inspector = await LogInspector(driver)
await inspector.onJavascriptException(function (log) {
logEntry = log
})
await driver.get('https://www.selenium.dev/selenium/web/bidi/logEntryAdded.html')
await driver.findElement({id: 'jsException'}).click()
assert.equal(logEntry.text, 'Error: Not working')
assert.equal(logEntry.type, 'javascript')
assert.equal(logEntry.level, 'error')Listen to all JS logs at all levels and register callbacks to process the log.
driver.findElement(By.id("consoleLog")).click();
ConsoleLogEntry logEntry = future.get(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Assertions.assertEquals("Hello, world!", logEntry.getText());
Assertions.assertEquals(1, logEntry.getArgs().size());
Assertions.assertEquals("console", logEntry.getType());The core libraries of Selenium try to be low level and non-opinionated. The Support classes in each language provide opinionated wrappers for common interactions that may be used to simplify some behaviors.
Expected Conditions are used with Explicit Waits. Instead of defining the block of code to be executed with a lambda, an expected conditions method can be created to represent common things that get waited on. Some methods take locators as arguments, others take elements as arguments.
These methods can include conditions such as:
These allow you to execute custom actions in every time specific Selenium commands are sent
テストの一部として何かの色を検証したい場合があります。 問題は、ウェブ上の色の定義が一定ではないことです。 色のHEX表現を色のRGB表現と比較する簡単な方法、または色のRGBA表現を色のHSLA表現と比較する簡単な方法があったらいいのではないでしょうか？
心配しないでください。解決策があります。: Color クラスです！
まず、クラスをインポートする必要があります。
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Color;
from selenium.webdriver.support.color import Color
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
include Selenium::WebDriver::Support
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
import org.openqa.selenium.support.Colorこれで、カラーオブジェクトの作成を開始できます。 すべての色オブジェクトは、色の文字列表現から作成する必要があります。 サポートされている色表現は、以下のとおりです。
private final Color HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)");
private final Color RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)");
private final Color RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)");
private final Color HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)");
private final Color HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)");
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
HEX_COLOUR = Color.from_string('#2F7ED8')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(255, 255, 255)')
RGB_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)')
RGBA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)')
HSL_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsl(100, 0%, 50%)')
HSLA_COLOUR = Color.from_string('hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val HEX_COLOUR = Color.fromString("#2F7ED8")
private val RGB_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgb(255, 255, 255)")
private val RGB_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgb(40%, 20%, 40%)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5)")
private val RGBA_COLOUR_PERCENT = Color.fromString("rgba(40%, 20%, 40%, 0.5)")
private val HSL_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsl(100, 0%, 50%)")
private val HSLA_COLOUR = Color.fromString("hsla(100, 0%, 50%, 0.5)")
Colorクラスは、 http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4 で指定されているすべての基本色定義もサポートしています。
private final Color BLACK = Color.fromString("black");
private final Color CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate");
private final Color HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink");
BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
BLACK = Color.from_string('black')
CHOCOLATE = Color.from_string('chocolate')
HOTPINK = Color.from_string('hotpink')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val BLACK = Color.fromString("black")
private val CHOCOLATE = Color.fromString("chocolate")
private val HOTPINK = Color.fromString("hotpink")
要素に色が設定されていない場合、ブラウザは “透明” の色の値を返すことがあります。 Colorクラスもこれをサポートしています。
private final Color TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent");
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
TRANSPARENT = Color.from_string('transparent')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
private val TRANSPARENT = Color.fromString("transparent")
レスポンスが正しく解析され、有効なColorオブジェクトに変換されることを認識して、要素を安全にクエリしてその色/背景色を取得できるようになりました。
Color loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"));
Color loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"));
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(By.ID,'login').value_of_css_property('background-color'))
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
login_button_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('color'))
login_button_background_colour = Color.from_string(driver.find_element(id: 'login').css_value('background-color'))
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
val loginButtonColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("color"))
val loginButtonBackgroundColour = Color.fromString(driver.findElement(By.id("login")).getCssValue("background-color"))
そして、色オブジェクトを直接比較できます。
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK);
assert login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(login_button_background_colour == HOTPINK)
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.equals(HOTPINK))
または、色を次の形式のいずれかに変換し、静的に検証することができます。
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)");
assert loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)");
assert login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)'
assert login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)'
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(login_button_background_colour.hex == '#ff69b4')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgba == 'rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)')
assert(login_button_background_colour.rgb == 'rgb(255, 105, 180)')
// This feature is not implemented - Help us by sending a pr to implement this feature
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asHex().equals("#ff69b4"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgba().equals("rgba(255, 105, 180, 1)"))
assert(loginButtonBackgroundColour.asRgb().equals("rgb(255, 105, 180)"))
色はもはや問題ではありません。
The Select object will now give you a series of commands
that allow you to interact with a <select> element.
If you are using Java or .NET make sure that you’ve properly required the support package in your code. See the full code from GitHub in any of the examples below.
Note that this class only works for HTML elements select and option.
It is possible to design drop-downs with JavaScript overlays using div or li,
and this class will not work for those.
Select methods may behave differently depending on which type of <select> element is being worked with.
This is the standard drop-down object where one and only one option may be selected.
<select name="selectomatic">
<option selected="selected" id="non_multi_option" value="one">One</option>
<option value="two">Two</option>
<option value="four">Four</option>
<option value="still learning how to count, apparently">Still learning how to count, apparently</option>
</select>
This select list allows selecting and deselecting more than one option at a time.
This only applies to <select> elements with the multiple attribute.
<select name="multi" id="multi" multiple="multiple">
<option selected="selected" value="eggs">Eggs</option>
<option value="ham">Ham</option>
<option selected="selected" value="sausages">Sausages</option>
<option value="onion gravy">Onion gravy</option>
</select>
First locate a <select> element, then use it to initialize a Select object.
Note that as of Selenium 4.5, you can’t create a Select object if the <select> element is disabled.
WebElement selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"));
Select select = new Select(selectElement); select_element = driver.find_element(By.NAME, 'selectomatic')
select = Select(select_element) var selectElement = driver.FindElement(By.Name("selectomatic"));
var select = new SelectElement(selectElement); select_element = driver.find_element(name: 'selectomatic')
select = Selenium::WebDriver::Support::Select.new(select_element)
it('Select an option', async function () {
val selectElement = driver.findElement(By.name("selectomatic"))
val select = Select(selectElement)There are two lists that can be obtained:
Get a list of all options in the <select> element:
List<WebElement> optionList = select.getOptions(); option_list = select.options IList<IWebElement> optionList = select.Options; option_list = select.options val optionList = select.getOptions()Get a list of selected options in the <select> element. For a standard select list
this will only be a list with one element, for a multiple select list it can contain
zero or many elements.
List<WebElement> selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions(); selected_option_list = select.all_selected_options IList<IWebElement> selectedOptionList = select.AllSelectedOptions; selected_option_list = select.selected_options val selectedOptionList = select.getAllSelectedOptions()The Select class provides three ways to select an option. Note that for multiple select type Select lists, you can repeat these methods for each element you want to select.
Select the option based on its visible text
select.selectByVisibleText("Four"); select.select_by_visible_text('Four') select.SelectByText("Four"); select.select_by(:text, 'Four') const countElement = await driver.findElement(By.css("option[value='still learning how to count, apparently']"))
select.selectByVisibleText("Four")Select the option based on its value attribute
select.selectByValue("two"); select.select_by_value('two') select.SelectByValue("two"); select.select_by(:value, 'two') assert.equal(true, await fourElement.isSelected())
select.selectByValue("two")Select the option based on its position in the list
select.selectByIndex(3); select.select_by_index(3) select.SelectByIndex(3); select.select_by(:index, 3) assert.equal(true, await twoElement.isSelected())
select.selectByIndex(3)Options with a disabled attribute may not be selected.
<select name="single_disabled">
<option id="sinlge_disabled_1" value="enabled">Enabled</option>
<option id="sinlge_disabled_2" value="disabled" disabled="disabled">Disabled</option>
</select>
Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException.class, () -> {
select.selectByValue("disabled");
}); with pytest.raises(NotImplementedError):
select.select_by_value('disabled') Assert.ThrowsException<InvalidOperationException>(() => select.SelectByValue("disabled")); expect {
select.select_by(:value, 'disabled')
}.to raise_exception(Selenium::WebDriver::Error::UnsupportedOperationError) const select = await new Select(selectElement)
await assert.rejects(async () => {
await select.selectByValue("disabled")
Assertions.assertThrows(UnsupportedOperationException::class.java) {
select.selectByValue("disabled")
}Only multiple select type select lists can have options de-selected. You can repeat these methods for each element you want to select.
select.deselectByValue("eggs"); select.deselect_by_value('eggs') select.DeselectByValue("eggs"); select.deselect_by(:value, 'eggs') assert.equal(true, await gravyElement.isSelected())
select.deselectByValue("eggs")このクラスは、Javaバインディングでのみ使用可能です。
ThreadGuardは、ドライバーが、それを作成した同じスレッドからのみ呼び出されることを確認します。 特に並行してテストを実行する場合のスレッドの問題は、不可解でエラーの診断が難しい場合があります。 このラッパーを使用すると、このカテゴリのエラーが防止され、発生時に例外が発生します。
次の例は、スレッドの衝突をシミュレートします。
public class DriverClash {
//thread main (id 1) created this driver
private WebDriver protectedDriver = ThreadGuard.protect(new ChromeDriver());
static {
System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "<Set path to your Chromedriver>");
}
//Thread-1 (id 24) is calling the same driver causing the clash to happen
Runnable r1 = () -> {protectedDriver.get("https://selenium.dev");};
Thread thr1 = new Thread(r1);
void runThreads(){
thr1.start();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new DriverClash().runThreads();
}
}
結果は以下のとおりです。
Exception in thread "Thread-1" org.openqa.selenium.WebDriverException:
Thread safety error; this instance of WebDriver was constructed
on thread main (id 1)and is being accessed by thread Thread-1 (id 24)
This is not permitted and *will* cause undefined behaviour
下記例を参照してください。
protectedDriver はメインスレッドで作成されますRunnableを使用して新しいプロセスを起動し、新しいスレッドを使用してプロセスを実行しますprotectedDriverがないため、両方のスレッドが衝突します。ThreadGuard.protectは例外をスローします。これは、並列実行時にドライバーを管理するために ThreadLocalを使用する必要性を置き換えるものではありません。
It is not always obvious the root cause of errors in Selenium.
The most common Selenium-related error is a result of poor synchronization. Read about Waiting Strategies. If you aren’t sure if it is a synchronization strategy you can try temporarily hard coding a large sleep where you see the issue, and you’ll know if adding an explicit wait can help.
Note that many errors that get reported to the project are actually caused by issues in the underlying drivers that Selenium sends the commands to. You can rule out a driver problem by executing the command in multiple browsers.
If you have questions about how to do things, check out the Support options for ways get assistance.
If you think you’ve found a problem with Selenium code, go ahead and file a Bug Report on GitHub.
CSS and XPath Selectors are sometimes difficult to get correct.
The CSS or XPath selector you are trying to use has invalid characters or an invalid query.
Run your selector through a validator service:
Or use a browser extension to get a known good value:
The element can not be found at the exact moment you attempted to locate it.
An element goes stale when it was previously located, but can not be currently accessed. Elements do not get relocated automatically; the driver creates a reference ID for the element and has a particular place it expects to find it in the DOM. If it can not find the element in the current DOM, any action using that element will result in this exception.
This can happen when:
The DOM has changed
When the page is refreshed or items on the page have moved around, there is still an element with the desired locator on the page, it is just no longer accessible by the element object being used, and the element must be relocated before it can be used again. This is often done in one of two ways:
Always relocate the element every time you go to use it. The likelihood of the element going stale in the microseconds between locating and using the element is small, though possible. The downside is that this is not the most efficient approach, especially when running on a remote grid.
Wrap the Web Element with another object that stores the locator, and caches the located Selenium element. When taking actions with this wrapped object, you can attempt to use the cached object if previously located, and if it is stale, exception can be caught, the element relocated with the stored locator, and the method re-tried. This is more efficient, but it can cause problems if the locator you’re using references a different element (and not the one you want) after the page has changed.
The Context has changed
Element objects are stored for a given context, so if you move to a different context — like a different window or a different frame or iframe — the element reference will still be valid, but will be temporarily inaccessible. In this scenario, it won’t help to relocate the element, because it doesn’t exist in the current context. To fix this, you need to make sure to switch back to the correct context before using the element.
The Page has changed
This scenario is when you haven’t just changed contexts, you have navigated to another page and have destroyed the context in which the element was located. You can’t just relocate it from the current context, and you can’t switch back to an active context where it is valid. If this is the reason for your error, you must both navigate back to the correct location and relocate it.
This exception occurs when Selenium tries to click an element, but the click would instead be received by a different element. Before Selenium will click an element, it checks if the element is visible, unobscured by any other elements, and enabled - if the element is obscured, it will raise this exception.
UI Elements Overlapping
Elements on the UI are typically placed next to each other, but occasionally elements may overlap. For example, a navbar always staying at the top of your window as you scroll a page. If that navbar happens to be covering an element we are trying to click, Selenium might believe it to be visible and enabled, but when you try to click it will throw this exception. Pop-ups and Modals are also common offenders here.
Animations
Elements with animations have the potential to cause this exception as well - it is recommended to wait for animations to cease before attempting to click an element.
Use Explicit Waits
Explicit Waits will likely be your best friend in these instances.
A great way is to use ExpectedCondition.ToBeClickable() with WebDriverWait to wait until the right moment.
Scroll the Element into View
In instances where the element is out of view, but Selenium still registers the element as visible
(e.g. navbars overlapping a section at the top of your screen), you can use the WebDriver.executeScript()
method to execute a javascript function to scroll (e.g. WebDriver.executeScript('window.scrollBy(0,-250)'))
or you can utilize the Actions class with Actions.moveToElement(element).
Sometimes the session you’re trying to access is different than what’s currently available
This usually occurs when the session has been deleted (e.g. driver.quit()) or if the session has changed,
like when the last tab/browser has closed (e.g. driver.close())
Check your script for instances of driver.close() and driver.quit(), and any other possible causes of closed
tabs/browsers. It could be that you are locating an element before you should/can.
Historically, this is the most common error beginning Selenium users get when trying to run code for the first time:
Through WebDriver, Selenium supports all major browsers. In order to drive the requested browser, Selenium needs to send commands to it via an executable driver. This error means the necessary driver could not be found by any of the means Selenium attempts to use.
There are several ways to ensure Selenium gets the driver it needs.
As of Selenium 4.6, Selenium downloads the correct driver for you. You shouldn’t need to do anything. If you are using the latest version of Selenium and you are getting an error, please turn on logging and file a bug report with that information.
If you want to read more information about how Selenium manages driver downloads for you, you can read about the Selenium Manager.
PATH environment variableThis option first requires manually downloading the driver.
This is a flexible option to change location of drivers without having to update your code, and will work on multiple machines without requiring that each machine put the drivers in the same place.
You can either place the drivers in a directory that is already listed in PATH,
or you can place them in a directory and add it to PATH.
To see what directories are already on PATH, open a Terminal and execute:
echo $PATH
If the location to your driver is not already in a directory listed, you can add a new directory to PATH:
echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/driver' >> ~/.bash_profile
source ~/.bash_profile
You can test if it has been added correctly by checking the version of the driver:
chromedriver --version
To see what directories are already on PATH, open a Terminal and execute:
echo $PATH
If the location to your driver is not already in a directory listed, you can add a new directory to PATH:
echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/path/to/driver' >> ~/.zshenv
source ~/.zshenv
You can test if it has been added correctly by checking the version of the driver:
chromedriver --version
To see what directories are already on PATH, open a Command Prompt and execute:
echo %PATH%
If the location to your driver is not already in a directory listed, you can add a new directory to PATH:
setx PATH "%PATH%;C:\WebDriver\bin"
You can test if it has been added correctly by checking the version of the driver:
chromedriver.exe --version
If you cannot upgrade to the latest version of Selenium, you do not want Selenium to download drivers for you, and you can’t figure out the environment variables, you can specify the location of the driver in the Service object.
You first need to download the desired driver,
then create an instance of the applicable Service class and
set the path.
Specifying the location in the code itself has the advantage of not needing to figure out Environment Variables on your system, but has the drawback of making the code less flexible.
Before Selenium managed drivers itself, other projects were created to do so for you.
If you can’t use Selenium Manager because you are using an older version of Selenium (please upgrade), or need an advanced feature not yet implemented by Selenium Manager, you might try one of these tools to keep your drivers automatically updated:
| ブラウザー | サポートするOS | 維持管理機関 | ダウンロード | イシュートラッカー |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chromium/Chrome | Windows/macOS/Linux | Downloads | Issues | |
| Firefox | Windows/macOS/Linux | Mozilla | Downloads | Issues |
| Edge | Windows/macOS/Linux | Microsoft | Downloads | Issues |
| Internet Explorer | Windows | Selenium Project | Downloads | Issues |
| Safari | macOS High Sierra and newer | Apple | Built in | Issues |
Note: The Opera driver no longer works with the latest functionality of Selenium and is currently officially unsupported.
Turning on logging is a valuable way to get extra information that might help you determine why you might be having a problem.
Java logs are typically created per class. You can work with the default logger to work with all loggers. To filter out specific classes, see Filtering
Get the root logger:
Logger logger = Logger.getLogger("");Java Logging is not exactly straightforward, and if you are just looking for an easy way to look at the important Selenium logs, take a look at the Selenium Logger project
Python logs are typically created per module. You can match all submodules by referencing the top level module. So to work with all loggers in selenium module, you can do this:
logger = logging.getLogger('selenium').NET logger is managed with a static class, so all access to logging is managed simply by referencing Log from the OpenQA.Selenium.Internal.Logging namespace.
If you want to see as much debugging as possible in all the classes,
you can turn on debugging globally in Ruby by setting $DEBUG = true.
For more fine-tuned control, Ruby Selenium created its own Logger class to wrap the default Logger class.
This implementation provides some interesting additional features.
Obtain the logger directly from the #loggerclass method on the Selenium::WebDriver module:
logger = Selenium::WebDriver.loggerconst logging = require('selenium-webdriver/lib/logging')
logger = logging.getLogger('webdriver')
Logger level helps to filter out logs based on their severity.
Java has 7 logger levels: SEVERE, WARNING, INFO, CONFIG, FINE, FINER, and FINEST.
The default is INFO.
You have to change both the level of the logger and the level of the handlers on the root logger:
logger.setLevel(Level.FINE);
Arrays.stream(logger.getHandlers()).forEach(handler -> {
handler.setLevel(Level.FINE);
});Python has 6 logger levels: CRITICAL, ERROR, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG, and NOTSET.
The default is WARNING
To change the level of the logger:
logger.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)Things get complicated when you use PyTest, though. By default, PyTest hides logging unless the test fails. You need to set 3 things to get PyTest to display logs on passing tests.
To always output logs with PyTest you need to run with additional arguments.
First, -s to prevent PyTest from capturing the console.
Second, -p no:logging, which allows you to override the default PyTest logging settings so logs can
be displayed regardless of errors.
So you need to set these flags in your IDE, or run PyTest on command line like:
pytest -s -p no:logging
Finally, since you turned off logging in the arguments above, you now need to add configuration to turn it back on:
logging.basicConfig(level=logging.WARN)
.NET has 6 logger levels: Error, Warn, Info, Debug, Trace and None. The default level is Info.
To change the level of the logger:
Log.SetLevel(LogEventLevel.Trace);Ruby logger has 5 logger levels: :debug, :info, :warn, :error, :fatal.
As of Selenium v4.9.1, The default is :info.
To change the level of the logger:
logger.level = :debugJavaScript has 9 logger levels: OFF, SEVERE, WARNING, INFO, DEBUG, FINE, FINER, FINEST, ALL.
The default is OFF.
To change the level of the logger:
logger.setLevel(logging.Level.INFO)
Things are logged as warnings if they are something the user needs to take action on. This is often used for deprecations. For various reasons, Selenium project does not follow standard Semantic Versioning practices. Our policy is to mark things as deprecated for 3 releases and then remove them, so deprecations may be logged as warnings.
Java logs actionable content at logger level WARN
Example:
May 08, 2023 9:23:38 PM dev.selenium.troubleshooting.LoggingTest logging
WARNING: this is a warning
Python logs actionable content at logger level — WARNING
Details about deprecations are logged at this level.
Example:
WARNING selenium:test_logging.py:23 this is a warning
.NET logs actionable content at logger level Warn.
Example:
11:04:40.986 WARN LoggingTest: this is a warning
Ruby logs actionable content at logger level — :warn.
Details about deprecations are logged at this level.
For example:
2023-05-08 20:53:13 WARN Selenium [:example_id] this is a warning
Because these items can get annoying, we’ve provided an easy way to turn them off, see filtering section below.
This is the default level where Selenium logs things that users should be aware of but do not need to take actions on. This might reference a new method or direct users to more information about something
Java logs useful information at logger level INFO
Example:
May 08, 2023 9:23:38 PM dev.selenium.troubleshooting.LoggingTest logging
INFO: this is useful information
Python logs useful information at logger level — INFO
Example:
INFO selenium:test_logging.py:22 this is useful information
.NET logs useful information at logger level Info.
Example:
11:04:40.986 INFO LoggingTest: this is useful information
Ruby logs useful information at logger level — :info.
Example:
2023-05-08 20:53:13 INFO Selenium [:example_id] this is useful information
Logs useful information at level: INFO
The debug log level is used for information that may be needed for diagnosing issues and troubleshooting problems.
Java logs most debug content at logger level FINE
Example:
May 08, 2023 9:23:38 PM dev.selenium.troubleshooting.LoggingTest logging
FINE: this is detailed debug information
Python logs debugging details at logger level — DEBUG
Example:
DEBUG selenium:test_logging.py:24 this is detailed debug information
.NET logs most debug content at logger level Debug.
Example:
11:04:40.986 DEBUG LoggingTest: this is detailed debug information
Ruby only provides one level for debugging, so all details are at logger level — :debug.
Example:
2023-05-08 20:53:13 DEBUG Selenium [:example_id] this is detailed debug information
Logs debugging details at level: FINER and FINEST
Logs can be displayed in the console or stored in a file. Different languages have different defaults.
By default all logs are sent to System.err. To direct output to a file, you need to add a handler:
Handler handler = new FileHandler("selenium.xml");
logger.addHandler(handler);By default all logs are sent to sys.stderr. To direct output somewhere else, you need to add a
handler with either a StreamHandler or a FileHandler:
handler = logging.FileHandler(log_path)
logger.addHandler(handler)By default all logs are sent to System.Console.Error output. To direct output somewhere else, you need to add a handler with a FileLogHandler:
Log.Handlers.Add(new FileLogHandler(filePath));By default, logs are sent to the console in stdout.
To store the logs in a file:
logger.output = file_nameJavaScript does not currently support sending output to a file.
To send logs to console output:
logging.installConsoleHandler()
Java logging is managed on a per class level, so
instead of using the root logger (Logger.getLogger("")), set the level you want to use on a per-class
basis:
Logger.getLogger(RemoteWebDriver.class.getName()).setLevel(Level.FINEST);
Logger.getLogger(SeleniumManager.class.getName()).setLevel(Level.SEVERE); logging.getLogger('selenium.webdriver.remote').setLevel(logging.WARN)
logging.getLogger('selenium.webdriver.common').setLevel(logging.DEBUG).NET logging is managed on a per class level, set the level you want to use on a per-class basis:
Log.SetLevel(typeof(RemoteWebDriver), LogEventLevel.Debug);
Log.SetLevel(typeof(SeleniumManager), LogEventLevel.Info);Ruby’s logger allows you to opt in (“allow”) or opt out (“ignore”) of log messages based on their IDs.
Everything that Selenium logs includes an ID. You can also turn on or off all deprecation notices by
using :deprecations.
These methods accept one or more symbols or an array of symbols:
logger.ignore(:jwp_caps, :logger_info)or
logger.allow(%i[selenium_manager example_id])公式にサポートされている言語（Ruby、JavaScript、C＃、Python、およびJava）のいずれかを使用している場合、 Selenium4へのアップグレードは簡単なプロセスです。 いくつかの問題が発生する可能性がある場合があるかもしれません。このガイドは、それらを整理するのに役立ちます。 プロジェクトの依存関係をアップグレードする手順を実行し、バージョンのアップグレードによってもたらされる主な非推奨と変更を理解します。
これが、Selenium4にアップグレードするために実行する手順です。
注：Selenium 3.xバージョンの開発中に、W3CWebDriver標準のサポートが実装されました。 この新しいプロトコルと従来のJSONワイヤープロトコルの両方がサポートされました。 バージョン3.11の前後で、SeleniumコードはレベルW3C1仕様に準拠するようになりました。 Selenium 3の最新バージョンのW3C準拠のコードは、Selenium4で期待どおりに機能します。
Selenium 4は、レガシープロトコルのサポートを削除し、内部でデフォルトでW3CWebDriver標準を使用します。
ほとんどの場合、この実装はエンドユーザーに影響を与えません。
主な例外は、Capabilitiesと アクション クラスです。
テスト機能がW3Cに準拠するように構成されていない場合、セッションが開始されない可能性があります。 W3CWebDriverの標準機能のリストは次のとおりです。
browserNamebrowserVersion (version に変更)platformName (platform に変更)acceptInsecureCertspageLoadStrategyproxytimeoutsunhandledPromptBehavior標準Capabilitiesの最新リストは、 W3C WebDriver にあります。
上記のリストに含まれていないCapabilitiesには、ベンダープレフィックスを含める必要があります。
これは、ブラウザ固有のCapabilitiesとクラウドベンダー固有のCapabilitiesに適用されます。
たとえば、クラウドベンダーがテストに build Capabilities と name Capabilitiesを使用している場合は、
それらを cloud:options ブロックでラップする必要があります（適切なプレフィックスについては、クラウドベンダーに確認してください）。
DesiredCapabilities caps = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
caps.setCapability("platform", "Windows 10");
caps.setCapability("version", "92");
caps.setCapability("build", myTestBuild);
caps.setCapability("name", myTestName);
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(cloudUrl), caps);
caps = {};
caps['browserName'] = 'Firefox';
caps['platform'] = 'Windows 10';
caps['version'] = '92';
caps['build'] = myTestBuild;
caps['name'] = myTestName;
DesiredCapabilities caps = new DesiredCapabilities();
caps.SetCapability("browserName", "firefox");
caps.SetCapability("platform", "Windows 10");
caps.SetCapability("version", "92");
caps.SetCapability("build", myTestBuild);
caps.SetCapability("name", myTestName);
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri(CloudURL), caps);
caps = Selenium::WebDriver::Remote::Capabilities.firefox
caps[:platform] = 'Windows 10'
caps[:version] = '92'
caps[:build] = my_test_build
caps[:name] = my_test_name
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, url: cloud_url, desired_capabilities: caps
driver.get(url)
driver.quitcaps = {}
caps['browserName'] = 'firefox'
caps['platform'] = 'Windows 10'
caps['version'] = '92'
caps['build'] = my_test_build
caps['name'] = my_test_name
driver = webdriver.Remote(cloud_url, desired_capabilities=caps)
FirefoxOptions browserOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
browserOptions.setPlatformName("Windows 10");
browserOptions.setBrowserVersion("92");
Map<String, Object> cloudOptions = new HashMap<>();
cloudOptions.put("build", myTestBuild);
cloudOptions.put("name", myTestName);
browserOptions.setCapability("cloud:options", cloudOptions);
WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL(cloudUrl), browserOptions);
capabilities = {
browserName: 'firefox',
browserVersion: '92',
platformName: 'Windows 10',
'cloud:options': {
build: myTestBuild,
name: myTestName,
}
}
var browserOptions = new FirefoxOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "92";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
cloudOptions.Add("build", myTestBuild);
cloudOptions.Add("name", myTestName);
browserOptions.AddAdditionalOption("cloud:options", cloudOptions);
var driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new Uri(CloudURL), browserOptions);
options = Selenium::WebDriver::Options.firefox
options.platform_name = 'Windows 10'
options.browser_version = 'latest'
cloud_options = {}
cloud_options[:build] = my_test_build
cloud_options[:name] = my_test_name
options.add_option('cloud:options', cloud_options)
driver = Selenium::WebDriver.for :remote, capabilities: options
driver.get(url)
driver.quitfrom selenium.webdriver.firefox.options import Options as FirefoxOptions
options = FirefoxOptions()
options.browser_version = '92'
options.platform_name = 'Windows 10'
cloud_options = {}
cloud_options['build'] = my_test_build
cloud_options['name'] = my_test_name
options.set_capability('cloud:options', cloud_options)
driver = webdriver.Remote(cloud_url, options=options)
Javaバインディング（FindsBy インターフェイス）の要素を検索するユーティリティメソッドは、内部使用のみを目的としていたため、削除されました。
次のコードサンプルは、これを分かりやすく説明しています。
findElement * で単一の要素を検索する。
driver.findElementByClassName("className");
driver.findElementByCssSelector(".className");
driver.findElementById("elementId");
driver.findElementByLinkText("linkText");
driver.findElementByName("elementName");
driver.findElementByPartialLinkText("partialText");
driver.findElementByTagName("elementTagName");
driver.findElementByXPath("xPath");
driver.findElement(By.className("className"));
driver.findElement(By.cssSelector(".className"));
driver.findElement(By.id("elementId"));
driver.findElement(By.linkText("linkText"));
driver.findElement(By.name("elementName"));
driver.findElement(By.partialLinkText("partialText"));
driver.findElement(By.tagName("elementTagName"));
driver.findElement(By.xpath("xPath"));
findElements * で複数の要素を検索する。
driver.findElementsByClassName("className");
driver.findElementsByCssSelector(".className");
driver.findElementsById("elementId");
driver.findElementsByLinkText("linkText");
driver.findElementsByName("elementName");
driver.findElementsByPartialLinkText("partialText");
driver.findElementsByTagName("elementTagName");
driver.findElementsByXPath("xPath");
driver.findElements(By.className("className"));
driver.findElements(By.cssSelector(".className"));
driver.findElements(By.id("elementId"));
driver.findElements(By.linkText("linkText"));
driver.findElements(By.name("elementName"));
driver.findElements(By.partialLinkText("partialText"));
driver.findElements(By.tagName("elementTagName"));
driver.findElements(By.xpath("xPath"));
以下のサブセクションを確認してSelenium4をインストールし、プロジェクトの依存関係をアップグレードしてください。
Seleniumをアップグレードするプロセスは、使用されているビルドツールによって異なります。 Javaで最も一般的なものであるMavenとGradleについて説明します。 必要なJavaの最小バージョンはまだ8です。
<dependencies>
<!-- more dependencies ... -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>3.141.59</version>
</dependency>
<!-- more dependencies ... -->
</dependencies>
<dependencies>
<!-- more dependencies ... -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.seleniumhq.selenium</groupId>
<artifactId>selenium-java</artifactId>
<version>4.4.0</version>
</dependency>
<!-- more dependencies ... -->
</dependencies>
変更を加えた後、pom.xml ファイルと同じディレクトリで mvn clean compile を実行できます。
plugins {
id 'java'
}
group 'org.example'
version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.7.0'
testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.7.0'
implementation group: 'org.seleniumhq.selenium', name: 'selenium-java', version: '3.141.59'
}
test {
useJUnitPlatform()
}
plugins {
id 'java'
}
group 'org.example'
version '1.0-SNAPSHOT'
repositories {
mavenCentral()
}
dependencies {
testImplementation 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-api:5.7.0'
testRuntimeOnly 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter-engine:5.7.0'
implementation group: 'org.seleniumhq.selenium', name: 'selenium-java', version: '4.4.0'
}
test {
useJUnitPlatform()
}
変更を加えた後、 build.gradle ファイルと同じディレクトリで ./gradlew cleanbuild を実行できます。
すべてのJavaリリースを確認するには、 MVNRepository にアクセスしてください。
C#でSelenium4の更新を取得する場所は NuGet です。
Selenium.WebDriver パッケージの下で、最新バージョンに更新するための手順を入手できます。
Visual Studio内では、NuGetパッケージマネージャーを使用して次の操作を実行できます。
PM> Install-Package Selenium.WebDriver -Version 4.4.0
Pythonを使用するための最も重要な変更は、最低限必要なバージョンです。 Selenium 4には、Python3.7以降が必要です。 詳細については、Python Package Indexを参照してください。 コマンドラインからアップグレードするには、次のコマンドを実行できます。
pip install selenium==4.4.3
Selenium 4の更新の詳細は、RubyGemsのselenium-webdriverで確認できます。 最新バージョンをインストールするには、次のコマンドを実行できます。
gem install selenium-webdriver
Gemfileには下記のように追加します。
gem 'selenium-webdriver', '~> 4.4.0'
selenium-webdriverパッケージは、Nodeパッケージマネージャーのnpmjsにあります。 Selenium4はhereにあります。 これをインストールするには、次のいずれかを実行します。
npm install selenium-webdriver
または、package.jsonを更新して、 npm install を実行します。
{
"name": "selenium-tests",
"version": "1.0.0",
"dependencies": {
"selenium-webdriver": "^4.4.0"
}
}
これは、Selenium4にアップグレードした後に発生する可能性のある非推奨メッセージを克服するのに役立つ一連のコード例です。
タイムアウトで受信するパラメーターは、期待値 (long time, TimeUnit unit) から期待値 (Duration duration) に替わりました。
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.manage().timeouts().setScriptTimeout(2, TimeUnit.MINUTES);
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
driver.manage().timeouts().scriptTimeout(Duration.ofMinutes(2));
driver.manage().timeouts().pageLoadTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(10));
現在、待機も異なるパラメーターを期待しています。
WebDriverWaitは、秒とミリ秒単位のタイムアウトに、 long ではなくDurationを期待するようになりました。
FluentWait の withTimeout および pollingEvery ユーティリティメソッドは、期待値 (long time, TimeUnit unit) から (Duration duration) に替わりました。
new WebDriverWait(driver, 3)
.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.cssSelector("#id")));
Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
new WebDriverWait(driver, Duration.ofSeconds(3))
.until(ExpectedConditions.elementToBeClickable(By.cssSelector("#id")));
Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(Duration.ofSeconds(30))
.pollingEvery(Duration.ofSeconds(5))
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
以前は、別のCapabilitiesセットを別のセットにマージすることが可能であり、呼び出し元のオブジェクトを変更していました。 今は、ここで、マージ操作の結果を割り当てる必要があります。
MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("platformVersion", "Windows 10");
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setHeadless(true);
options.merge(capabilities);
As a result, the `options` object was getting modified.
MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("platformVersion", "Windows 10");
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setHeadless(true);
options = options.merge(capabilities);
The result of the `merge` call needs to be assigned to an object.
GeckoDriverが登場する前は、SeleniumプロジェクトにはFirefoxを自動化するためのドライバー実装がありました（バージョン<48）。
ただし、この実装は最近のバージョンのFirefoxでは機能しないため、もう必要ありません。
Selenium 4にアップグレードする際の大きな問題を回避するために、setLegacy オプションは非推奨として表示されます。
古い実装の使用をやめ、GeckoDriverのみに依存することをお勧めします。
次のコードは、アップグレード後に非推奨になったsetLegacy 行を示しています。
FirefoxOptions options = new FirefoxOptions();
options.setLegacy(true);
BrowserTypeBrowserType インターフェースは長い間使用されてきましたが、新しい Browser インターフェースを優先して非推奨になります。
MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("browserVersion", "92");
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", BrowserType.FIREFOX);
MutableCapabilities capabilities = new MutableCapabilities();
capabilities.setCapability("browserVersion", "92");
capabilities.setCapability("browserName", Browser.FIREFOX);
AddAdditionalCapability は非推奨になりましたその代わりに、 AddAdditionalOption をお勧めします。 これを示す例を次に示します。
var browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "latest";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
browserOptions.AddAdditionalCapability("cloud:options", cloudOptions, true);
var browserOptions = new ChromeOptions();
browserOptions.PlatformName = "Windows 10";
browserOptions.BrowserVersion = "latest";
var cloudOptions = new Dictionary<string, object>();
browserOptions.AddAdditionalOption("cloud:options", cloudOptions);
execute_pathは非推奨になりました。Serviceオブジェクトを渡してくださいSelenium 4では、非推奨の警告を防ぐために、Serviceオブジェクトからドライバーの executable_path を設定する必要があります。
（または、PATHを設定せず、代わりに必要なドライバーがシステムPATH上にあることを確認してください。）
from selenium import webdriver
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
driver = webdriver.Chrome(
executable_path=CHROMEDRIVER_PATH,
options=options
)
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.chrome.service import Service as ChromeService
options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
service = ChromeService(executable_path=CHROMEDRIVER_PATH)
driver = webdriver.Chrome(service=service, options=options)
Selenium 4にアップグレードする際に考慮すべき主な変更点を確認しました。 アップグレードのためにテストコードを準備する際にカバーするさまざまな側面について説明します。 これには、新しいバージョンのSeleniumを使用する時に発生する可能性のある潜在的な問題を防ぐ方法の提案も含まれます。 最後に、アップグレード後に発生する可能性のある一連の問題についても説明し、それらの問題に対する潜在的な修正を共有しました。
これは元々は https://saucelabs.com/resources/articles/how-to-upgrade-to-selenium-4 に投稿されました
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